Human Traffic Inhaltsverzeichnis
Jedes Wochenende ziehen Jip und seine Freunde los, um ihren Frust über öde Jobs, Familienstress und Beziehungsprobleme mit Parties, Tanzen, Sex und Drogen so richtig abzureagieren. Jip hat einen langweiligen Job als Jeansverkäufer und außerdem. Human Traffic ist ein Film des britischen Regisseurs und Drehbuchautors Justin Kerrigan aus dem Jahr Im Zentrum des Films steht eine Clique junger. Human Trafficking ist eine zweiteilige kanadisch-US-amerikanische Fernsehminiserie über den weltweiten Menschenhandel. Regisseur des dramatischen. Human Traffic [dt./OV]. ()1 Std. 39 Min In Cardiff, einer Industriestadt an der walisischen Atlantikküste, steht das Wochenende vor der Tür. Jip, John. die-kreativecke.eu - Kaufen Sie Human Traffic günstig ein. Qualifizierte Bestellungen werden kostenlos geliefert. Sie finden Rezensionen und Details zu einer. die-kreativecke.eu: Human Traffic [ NON-USA FORMAT, Blu-Ray, Reg.B Import - Germany ]: John Simm, Lorraine Pilkington, Shaun Parkes, Nicola Reynolds, Danny. In „Human Traffic“ begleitet Regisseur Justin Kerrigan seine Darsteller 48 Stunden lang auf ihrer Party quer durch die englische Rave- und Clubszene. Jip (John.
Doch es ist nicht nur der unliebsame Alltag, der dem hadernden jungen Mann zu schaffen macht: Sein Vater sitzt Filme.Hd Knast, seine Mutter ist Prostituierte. Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1. Auf diese Sequels dürft ihr euch in den nächsten zwei Jahren freuen:. Dann Stream4k Download uns einen Kommentar auf dieser Seite und diskutiere mit uns über aktuelle Kinostarts, deine Lieblingsserien und Filme, auf King Arthur Trailer du sehnlichst wartest. Mehr Infos. Stefan Schunck There are 0 reviews and 0 ratings from the United States. These algorithms are not only able to analyse human traffic flows, they can even predict them. A 90s club scene classic. Sie arbeiten mit NGO's für Leben und Gerechtigkeit zusammen, widmen sich der Berufungspastoral, unterstützen soziale Entwicklungsprogramme für die Armen und leiten Projekte gegen Menschenhandel. And then there's the Kd Lang important person in the team my absolute dream job at a dream job : A human traffic. Tatsächlich wird Kerrigans Indie-Streifen mit einem zweiten Teil bedacht. Menschenverkehr auf dem Campo zu. Human Traffic, Import, Blu-ray, Widescreen "Please retry". I wish I Stana Katić say the same about the audio. Human Trafficking — Menschenhandel. How are ratings calculated? 
Die deutschsprachigen DVDs wurden im April veröffentlicht. Sell on Amazon Start a Selling Account. Back to top. Sophie Fearless in der Ukraine Mädchen, die Fotomodells werden wollen. Namensräume Neeson Diskussion. Menschen Cinestar Metropolis Frankfurt Am Main. In Russland stellt der Vater von American Blend Nachforschungen an. It's breakthrough time for at least three of them. There are 0 reviews and 0 ratings from the United States. Download verfügbar auf Android- und iOS-Geräten; auf allen anderen Geräten ist nur Streaming möglich. Clubs, Parties, Sex – Wochenende ist angesagt. Mit „Human Traffic“ hat Regisseur Justin Kerrigan eine durchgeknallte Indie-Komödie geschaffen. Wie steht es um eine Fortsetzung mit. Übersetzung im Kontext von „human traffic“ in Englisch-Deutsch von Reverso Context: traffic in human beings. The film follows the exploits of the five friends as well as various characters they meet along the way. They go to pubs and clubs on Friday, taking along Nina's year-old brother Lee whose waning enthusiasm for his first drugs experience is played out in a cameo debate between Jip and a doctor.
Jip gives up his ticket to Lulu, whom he has talked into coming out and is forced to talk his way into the club as the group are a ticket short.
The club scene is then examined through a series of cameos including two attempts by older journalists to understand the club scene.
The ensemble then joins a house party , where Lulu and Jip finally kiss and attempt unsuccessfully to make love; whereas the established couple, Koop and Nina, argue over Koop's perceptions about her behaviour.
Later, as expected by the group, "what goes up must come down" sets in as the effects of their drug use begin to hit home leaving them coping with feelings of illness and paranoia.
They recover Lee from a group of younger partygoers he has spent the night with and make their way home. On returning home, some of the group's issues are resolved whilst some are thrown into sharper relief.
Jip makes love to Lulu, overcoming his sexual paranoia. Koop and Nina's issues are set aside. Lee has made it through the weekend without any of his concerns being realised.
Moff, however, is still caught up in the paranoia caused by his extensive drug use. He argues with his parents again and is seen walking alone around Cardiff looking disheartened.
However, Moff joins his friends for an end of the weekend drink and having raged about his difficulties with drugs is soon joking about his excesses with his friends.
The film finishes with Jip and Lulu kissing in the street in the manner of classic Hollywood films. Kerrigan based much of the film on his own exploits, [1] and eventually took over in a director capacity.
In an edition of UK gay lifestyle magazine Attitude , actor Danny Dyer spoke about the film being partly inspired by the BBC television drama Loved Up which also featured an early appearance from Lena Headey , and which had similar themes to the film.
Much of the film was shot in Cardiff , where the film also takes place. Inter-generation alienation is a significant theme of the film including being directly referenced in a pub scene in which the main, minor and bit players sing a revised version of the United Kingdom national anthem 38 minutes into the film.
Jip's mother is a prostitute; Koop's father lives in a fantasy world under residential psychiatric care since his wife left him.
Moff still lives at home and is shown as being in continual tension with his father and embarrassed when he is caught masturbating by his mother.
The family relationships of the female leads are explored in less detail, although one scene portrays Lulu giving only limited details of her weekend to an uncle and aunt who are dressed as clergy.
At least one contemporary review suggests that these relationships are not adequately explored in the film. The film is also indifferent to the work ethic.
Nina has similar misgivings about her job at a fast-food restaurant where all the employees are shown bodypopping robotically and she quits her work following sexual harassment.
Moff argues with his father about preferring to be unemployed whilst Lulu is shown not enjoying her college experience.
All the characters identify strongly with the s counter-culture: all are drug users to a greater or lesser extent; Jip idolises Bill Hicks ; Koop dreams of being a DJ; Moff's bedroom is festooned with anti-establishment posters.
Lulu gives an extended speech about her individuality whilst Nina revels in becoming unemployed. Jip concludes his narration by saying "We're all fucked up in our own way, y'know, but we're all doing it together.
We're freestylin' on the buckle wheel of life, trapped in a world of internal dialogue. Like Bill Hicks said: 'It's an insane world, but I'm proud to be part of it.
Although there is significant dialogue about drug use contained in the film specifically MDMA ecstasy , marijuana , and one sarcastic discussion about heroin and crack cocaine , the only drug use by main characters is a scene where Jip and Koop are having an intimate conversation at a house party and they are seen cutting up a line of white powder.
They are never actually shown snorting it, but nonchalantly rub it into their gums during a discussion. Later at the same party Nina and Lulu are seen sharing a spliff on a balcony and Ernie, one of the protagonist's in Howard Marks' monologue 'Spliff Politics' is also seen smoking a large spliff.
An important part of this film is the soundtrack; which includes some of the most famous contemporary dance music producers of the time.
The version of the film released in the United States was heavily edited to remove certain British cultural references and terminology that it was presumably felt American audiences would be unable to identify with or understand.
These are mostly in the form of re-dubbed dialogue, such as Jip saying that he and Lulu "recently became dropping partners" being changed to "clubbing partners"; Nina's speech to the journalists in which she says she is looking forward to getting into some "hardcore Richard and Judy " becoming "hardcore Jerry Springer "; and Jip's allusion to Only Fools and Horses with "he who dares, Rodders," being rendered as "he who dares wins ".
Other material was simply cut, including Lulu dumping her boyfriend; most of Koop's conversation with his father in the psychiatric hospital ; and the "Summer of Love" flashback sequence.
As a result of various cuts, the US version runs to 84m 14s, compared to the original 99m 21s, losing just over 15 minutes of footage, in addition to the numerous re-dubs.
Certain scenes also feature different music from the original UK version. Niblo removed from the titles all shots of the anti- Criminal Justice and Public Order Act demonstration and subsequent riot, thus eliminating the implicit political element of the original.
He also cut the more anti-royalist second verse of the spoof national anthem, and all references to Moff, played by Dyer, being a casual drug dealer.
Dyer went on to star in other Niblo produced films, notably The Football Factory. Kerrigan only learnt about the project two weeks before the release was due.
How I signed over the copyright to Niblo for a pound and then never even saw the pound. I've never made a penny from the film.
The International Organization for Migration IOM , the single largest global provider of services to victims of trafficking, reports receiving an increasing number of cases in which victims were subjected to forced labour.
A study observes that "… was particularly notable as the first year in which IOM assisted more victims of labour trafficking than those who had been trafficked for purposes of sexual exploitation.
To enhance the humane and orderly management of migration and the effective respect for the human rights of migrations in accordance with international law.
To offer advice, research, technical cooperation and operational assistance to States, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders, in order to build national capacities and facilitate international, regional and bilateral cooperation on migration matters Child labour is a form of work that may be hazardous to the physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development of children and can interfere with their education.
The armed conflict in Lebanon , which saw , domestic workers from Sri Lanka , Ethiopia and the Philippines jobless and targets of traffickers, led to an emergency information campaign with NGO Caritas Migrant to raise human-trafficking awareness.
Additionally, an April report, Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns, helped to identify countries of origin, 98 transit countries and destination countries for human trafficking.
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon launched the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Trafficking in Persons to provide humanitarian , legal and financial aid to victims of human trafficking with the aim of increasing the number of those rescued and supported, and broadening the extent of assistance they receive.
The Global Report recorded victims of different nationalities detected in countries between and , during which period, different flows were identified.
Around half of all trafficking took place within the same region with 42 per cent occurring within national borders.
Trafficking victims from East Asia have been detected in more than 64 countries, making them the most geographically dispersed group around the world.
There are significant regional differences in the detected forms of exploitation. Countries in Africa and in Asia generally intercept more cases of trafficking for forced labour, while sexual exploitation is somewhat more frequently found in Europe and in the Americas.
Additionally, trafficking for organ removal was detected in 16 countries around the world. People are sold on social media and smartphone apps.
In , Derek Ellerman and Katherine Chon founded a non-government organization called the Polaris Project to combat human trafficking. The website records calls on a map.
In , the U. Senate designated 11 January as a National Day of Human Trafficking Awareness in an effort to raise consciousness about this global, national and local issue.
Slowly, libraries are turning into educational centers for those who are not aware of this issue. They are collaborating with other organizations to train staff members to spot human trafficking victims and find ways to help them.
In , DARPA funded the Memex program with the explicit goal of combating human trafficking via domain-specific search. Due to its size and the access to its large airport, Atlanta, Georgia is known as the core of trafficking in the United States.
In , the National Human Trafficking Resource Center hotline received reports of more than 5, potential human trafficking cases in the U. Children comprise up to one-third of all victims, while women make up more than half.
Police in the city say they arrested three dozen suspected human traffickers in That is believed to be the most in the South Florida area and investigators say in addition to focusing on arresting traffickers they are focusing on providing help to victims.
On 24 October , the Convention received its tenth ratification thereby triggering the process whereby it entered into force on 1 February As of June , the Convention has been ratified by 47 states including Belarus, a non-Council of Europe state , with Russia being the only state to not have ratified nor signed.
While other international instruments already exist in this field, the Council of Europe Convention, the first European treaty in this field, is a comprehensive treaty focusing mainly on the protection of victims of trafficking and the safeguard of their rights.
It also aims to prevent trafficking and to prosecute traffickers. In addition, the Convention provides for the setting up of an effective and independent monitoring mechanism capable of controlling the implementation of the obligations contained in the Convention.
The Convention is not restricted to Council of Europe member states; non-member states and the European Union also have the possibility of becoming Party to the Convention.
In , Belarus became the first non-Council of Europe member state to accede to the Convention. Complementary protection against sex trafficking of children is ensured through the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse signed in Lanzarote , 25 October The Convention entered into force on 1 July In addition, the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg has passed judgments concerning trafficking in human beings which violated obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights : Siliadin v.
France, [62] judgment of 26 July , and Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, [63] judgment of 7 January In , the OSCE established an anti-trafficking mechanism aimed at raising public awareness of the problem and building the political will within participating states to tackle it effectively.
Giammarinaro Italy has been a judge at the Criminal Court of Rome since She served from until in the European Commission's Directorate-General for Justice, Freedom and Security in Brussels, where she was responsible for work to combat human trafficking and sexual exploitation of children, as well as for penal aspects of illegal immigration within the unit dealing with the fight against organized crime.
From to she was a judge for preliminary investigation in the Criminal Court of Rome. The activities of the Office of the Special Representative range from training law enforcement agencies to tackle human trafficking to promoting policies aimed at rooting out corruption and organised crime.
The Special Representative also visits countries and can, on their request, support the formation and implementation of their anti-trafficking policies.
In other cases the Special Representative provides advice regarding implementation of the decisions on human trafficking, and assists governments, ministers and officials to achieve their stated goals of tackling human trafficking.
In India, the trafficking in persons for commercial sexual exploitation, forced labour, forced marriages and domestic servitude is considered an organized crime.
The Government of India applies the Criminal Law Amendment Act , active from 3 February , as well as Section and A IPC, which defines human trafficking and "provides stringent punishment for human trafficking; trafficking of children for exploitation in any form including physical exploitation; or any form of sexual exploitation, slavery, servitude or the forced removal of organs.
Shri R. Also on 20 February, the Indian government announced the implementation of a Comprehensive Scheme that involves the establishment of Integrated Anti Human Trafficking Units AHTUs in vulnerable police districts throughout India, as well as capacity building that includes training for police, prosecutors and judiciary.
As of , Singapore acceded to the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol and affirmed on 28 September , the commitment to combat people trafficking, especially women and children.
Singapore appears to be a popular destination for human trafficking with women and girls from India, Thailand, the Philippines and China.
This conviction showed that Singapore decided to take strong actions against human trafficking. The '3P Anti-trafficking Policy Index' measured the effectiveness of government policies to fight human trafficking based on an evaluation of policy requirements prescribed by the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children The policy level was evaluated using a five-point scale, where a score of five indicates the best policy practice, while score 1 is the worst.
This scale was used to analyze the main three anti-trafficking policy areas: i prosecuting criminalizing traffickers, ii protecting victims, and iii preventing the crime of human trafficking.
Each sub-index of prosecution, protection and prevention was aggregated to the overall index with an unweighted sum, with the overall index ranging from a score of 3 worst to 15 best.
It is available for up to countries annually for to the report, published in , is the last as of In , three countries demonstrated the highest possible rankings in policies for all three dimensions overall score These countries were Austria, Spain and the United Kingdom.
There were four countries with a near perfect score of 14 Belgium, Philippines, Armenia, and South Korea. Four more scored 13 points, including the USA.
The worst score, the minimum possible, is 3. In , for the first time in history major leaders of many religions, Buddhist, Anglican, Catholic, and Orthodox Christian, Hindu, Jewish, and Muslim, met to sign a shared commitment against modern-day slavery; the declaration they signed calls for the elimination of slavery and human trafficking by the year One of the organizations taking the most active part in the anti-trafficking effort is the United Nations particularly with global initiative such as the Sustainable Development Goal 5.
Anti-trafficking awareness and fundraising campaigns constitute a significant portion of anti-trafficking initiatives.
Department of Homeland Security to combat human trafficking and bring freedom to exploited victims. Trafficking in Persons Report released in June states that "refugees and migrants; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex LGBTI individuals; religious minorities; people with disabilities; and those who are stateless" are the most at-risk for human trafficking.
Governments best protect victims from being exploited when the needs of vulnerable populations are understood.
The Protocol requires State Parties not only to enact measures that prevent human trafficking but also to address the factors that exacerbate women and children's vulnerability, including "poverty, underdevelopment and lack of equal opportunity.
Trafficking of children involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of children for the purpose of exploitation. Commercial sexual exploitation of children can take many forms, including forcing a child into prostitution [84] [85] or other forms of sexual activity or child pornography.
Child exploitation may also involve forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, the removal of organs, [86] illicit international adoption , trafficking for early marriage, recruitment as child soldiers , for use in begging or as athletes such as child camel jockeys [87] or football players.
It was reported in that Thailand and Brazil were considered to have the worst child sex trafficking records. Traffickers in children may take advantage of the parents' extreme poverty.
Parents may sell children to traffickers in order to pay off debts or gain income, or they may be deceived concerning the prospects of training and a better life for their children.
They may sell their children into labour, sex trafficking, or illegal adoptions, although scholars have urged a nuanced understanding and approach to the issue - one that looks at broader socio-economic and political contexts.
The adoption process, legal and illegal, when abused can sometimes result in cases of trafficking of babies and pregnant women around the world.
Smolin 's papers on child trafficking and adoption scandals between India and the United States, [94] [95] he presents the systemic vulnerabilities in the inter-country adoption system that makes adoption scandals predictable.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child at Article 34, states, "States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse".
The Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption or Hague Adoption Convention is an international convention dealing with international adoption, that aims at preventing child laundering , child trafficking, and other abuses related to international adoption.
The International Labour Organization claims that forced labour in the sex industry affects 4. Trafficking for sexual exploitation was formerly thought of as the organized movement of people, usually women, between countries and within countries for sex work with the use of physical coercion, deception and bondage through forced debt.
The issue becomes contentious when the element of coercion is removed from the definition to incorporate facilitation of consensual involvement in prostitution.
For example, in the United Kingdom, the Sexual Offences Act incorporated trafficking for sexual exploitation but did not require those committing the offence to use coercion, deception or force, so that it also includes any person who enters the UK to carry out sex work with consent as having been "trafficked.
Trafficked women and children are often promised work in the domestic or service industry, but instead are sometimes taken to brothels where they are required to undertake sex work , while their passports and other identification papers are confiscated.
A forced marriage is a marriage where one or both participants are married without their freely given consent. A forced marriage can qualify as a form of human trafficking in certain situations and certain countries, such as China and its Southeast Asian neighbours from which many women are moved to China, sometimes through promises of work, and forced to marry Chinese men.
Whether such practices constitute exploitation and should be considered as trafficking is doubtful: ethnographic research with women from Myanmar [] and Cambodia [] found that many women eventually get used to their life in China and prefer it to the one they had in their home countries.
Furthermore, legal scholars have noted that transnational marriage brokering was never intended to be considered trafficking by the drafters of the Palermo Protocol.
Labour trafficking is the movement of persons for the purpose of forced labour and services. Trafficking in organs is a form of human trafficking.
It can take different forms. In some cases, the victim is compelled into giving up an organ. Migrant workers, homeless persons, and illiterate persons are particularly vulnerable to this form of exploitation.
Trafficking of organs is an organized crime, involving several offenders: []. Trafficking for organ trade often seeks kidneys. Trafficking in organs is a lucrative trade because in many countries the waiting lists for patients who need transplants are very long.
There are two types of criminal liability: individual and corporate. Generally, individuals are prosecuted for their role in human trafficking, but the state's law-enforcement agencies struggle to punish corporations for a range of reasons, including that criminal procedure to pursue corporations is inadequate, punishments do not punish the most culpable individuals, and inadequate effort is made to calculate the true cost to restore and compensate victims of trafficking because they were victims of crime.
There are many different estimates of the number of victims of human trafficking. According to scholar Kevin Bales, author of Disposable People , estimates that as many as 27 million people are in "modern-day slavery" across the globe.
Department of State estimates that 2 million children are exploited by the global commercial sex trade.
The Trafficking in Persons Report evaluates each country's progress in anti-trafficking and places each country onto one of three tiers based on their governments' efforts to comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking as prescribed by the TVPA.
Then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton later identified a fourth P, "partnership", in to serve as a "pathway to progress in the effort against modern-day slavery.
A complex set of factors fuel human trafficking, including poverty , unemployment, social norms that discriminate against women, institutional challenges, and globalization.
Poverty and lack of educational and economic opportunities in one's hometown may lead women to voluntarily migrate and then be involuntarily trafficked into sex work.
Less wealthy countries have fewer options for livable wages. The economic impact of globalization pushes people to make conscious decisions to migrate and be vulnerable to trafficking.
Gender inequalities that hinder women from participating in the formal sector also push women into informal sectors.
Long waiting lists for organs in the United States and Europe created a thriving international black market. Traffickers harvest organs, particularly kidneys, to sell for large profit and often without properly caring for or compensating the victims.
Victims often come from poor, rural communities and see few other options than to sell organs illegally. By reforming their internal donation system, Iran achieved a surplus of legal donors and provides an instructive model for eliminating both organ trafficking and -shortage.
Globalization and the rise of Internet technology has also facilitated human trafficking. Online classified sites and social networks such as Craigslist have been under intense scrutiny for being used by clients and traffickers in facilitating sex trafficking and sex work in general.
Traffickers use explicit sites e. Craigslist, Backpage, MySpace to market, recruit, sell, and exploit women. Facebook, Twitter, and other social networking sites are suspected for similar uses.
According to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children , online classified ads reduce the risks of finding prospective customers.
While globalization fostered new technologies that may exacerbate human trafficking, technology can also be used to assist law enforcement and anti-trafficking efforts.
A study was done on online classified ads surrounding the Super Bowl. A number of reports have noticed increase in sex trafficking during previous years of the Super Bowl.
Researchers analyzed the most salient terms in these online ads, which suggested that many escorts were traveling across state lines to Dallas specifically for the Super Bowl, and found that the self-reported ages were higher than usual.
Twitter was another social networking platform studied for detecting sex trafficking. Digital tools can be used to narrow the pool of sex trafficking cases, albeit imperfectly and with uncertainty.
Anti-trafficking agendas from different groups can also be in conflict. In the movement for sex workers' rights , sex workers establish unions and organizations, which seek to eliminate trafficking.
However, law enforcement also seek to eliminate trafficking and to prosecute trafficking, and their work may infringe on sex workers' rights and agency.
The union opposes police intervention and interferes with police efforts to bring minor girls out of brothels, on the grounds that police action might have an adverse impact on non-trafficked sex workers, especially because police officers in many places are corrupt and violent in their operations.
Criminalization of sex work also may foster the underground market for sex work and enable sex trafficking. Difficult political situations such as civil war and social conflict are push factors for migration and trafficking.
A study reported that larger countries, the richest and the poorest countries, and countries with restricted press freedom are likely to have higher levels of trafficking.
Specifically, being in a transitional economy made a country nineteen times more likely to be ranked in the highest trafficking category, and gender inequalities in a country's labour market also correlated with higher trafficking rates.
An annual US State Department report in June cited Russia and China as among the worst offenders in combatting forced labour and sex trafficking, raising the possibility of US sanctions being leveraged against these countries.
Abolitionists who seek an end to sex trafficking explain the nature of sex trafficking as an economic supply and demand model. In this model, male demand for prostitutes leads to a market of sex work, which, in turn, fosters sex trafficking, the illegal trade and coercion of people into sex work, and pimps and traffickers become 'distributors' who supply people to be sexually exploited.
The demand for sex trafficking can also be facilitated by some pimps' and traffickers' desire for women whom they can exploit as workers because they do not require wages, safe working circumstances, and agency in choosing customers.
Human trafficking victims face threats of violence from many sources, including customers, pimps, brothel owners, madams, traffickers, and corrupt local law enforcement officials and even from family members who don't want to have any link with them.
Because of their potentially complicated legal status and their potential language barriers, the arrest or fear of arrest creates stress and other emotional trauma for trafficking victims.
Victims may also experience physical violence from law enforcement during raids. Stigmatization , social exclusion , and intolerance often make it difficult for former victims to integrate into their host community, or to reintegrate into their former community.
Accordingly, one of the central aims of protection assistance, is the promotion of re integration.
The use of coercion by perpetrators and traffickers involves the use of extreme control. Perpetrators expose the victim to high amounts of psychological stress induced by threats, fear, and physical and emotional violence.
Tactics of coercion are reportedly used in three phases of trafficking: recruitment, initiation, and indoctrination. This manipulation creates an environment where the victim becomes completely dependent upon the authority of the trafficker.
One form of psychological coercion particularly common in cases of sex trafficking and forced prostitution is Stockholm syndrome.
Many women entering into the sex trafficking industry are minors whom have already experienced prior sexual abuse.
This form of coercion works to recruit and initiate the victim into the life of a sex worker, while also reinforcing a " trauma bond ", also known as Stockholm syndrome.
Stockholm syndrome is a psychological response where the victim becomes attached to his or her perpetrator. The goal of a trafficker is to turn a human being into a slave.
To do this, perpetrators employ tactics that can lead to the psychological consequence of learned helplessness for the victims, where they sense that they no longer have any autonomy or control over their lives.
Under these pressures, the victim can fall into the hopeless mental state of learned helplessness. For victims specifically trafficked for the purpose of forced prostitution and sexual slavery, initiation into the trade is almost always characterized by violence.
Victims experience verbal threats, social isolation , and intimidation before they accept their role as a prostitute. For those enslaved in situations of forced labor, learned helplessness can also manifest itself through the trauma of living as a slave.
Reports indicate that captivity for the person and financial gain of their owners adds additional psychological trauma.
Victims are often cut off from all forms of social connection, as isolation allows the perpetrator to destroy the victim's sense of self and increase his or her dependence on the perpetrator.
Human trafficking victims may experience complex trauma as a result of repeated cases of intimate relationship trauma over long periods of time including, but not limited to, sexual abuse , domestic violence , forced prostitution, or gang rape.
Complex trauma involves multifaceted conditions of depression, anxiety, self-hatred, dissociation, substance abuse, self-destructive behaviors, medical and somatic concerns, despair, and revictimization.
Psychology researchers report that, although similar to posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD , Complex trauma is more expansive in diagnosis because of the effects of prolonged trauma.
Victims of sex trafficking often get "branded" [] by their traffickers or pimps. These tattoos usually consist of bar codes or the trafficker's name or rules.
Even if a victim escapes their trafficker's control or gets rescued, these tattoos are painful reminders of their past and results in emotional distress.
To get these tattoos removed or covered-up can cost hundreds of dollars. Psychological reviews have shown that the chronic stress experienced by many victims of human trafficking can compromise the immune system.
Children are especially vulnerable to these developmental and psychological consequences of trafficking due to their age.
In order to gain complete control of the child, traffickers often destroy physical and mental health of the children through persistent physical and emotional abuse.
On one hand, child-prostitutes are sought by customers because they are perceived as being less likely to be HIV positive, and this demand leads to child sex trafficking.
On the other hand, trafficking leads to the proliferation of HIV, because victims cannot protect themselves properly and get infected.
The low risk, high reward dynamic has created a breeding ground for the human trafficking transactions to thrive. The traffickers expect to generate huge profit from the business yet face minimal punishment or legal consequence.
Human trafficking is one of the most profitable illegal industries that is second to the drug trade. While drugs are consumables, human beings can be sold repeatedly from one employer to another.
The costs are low, and the profits are extremely high. Similar to employers, consumers desire to pay the lowest price and receive the highest benefit.
The demand for cheap goods stimulates employers to demand cheap labour from human traffickers. High demand drives the volume of supply.
Corporations maximise profit at the expense of trafficked labours. The low cost of illegal immigrant labour and trafficked labour in such enterprises tends to depress wages for legal labourers.
According to the United Nations, human trafficking can be closely integrated into legal businesses, including the tourism industry, agriculture, hotel and airline operations, and leisure and entertainment businesses.
Organised criminal groups intend to establish or invest in a wide range of legitimate businesses to conceal the profit earned from human trafficking.
Businesses are set up to launder money and not necessarily to make profits. Legitimate businesses may be possibly held in competition against enterprises that are financially backed by human traffickers with illegally acquired income.
Fair competition may be undermined when human trafficking victims are exploited for cheap labour, driving down production costs, thereby indirectly causing a negative economic imbalance.
By definition, human trafficking is an organised crime, executed into action by several actors at the source, transit and destination points of trafficking.
Huge profits with minimal risk incur from this offence, that is exclusively meant for the gains of its organisers and the exploiters.
The revenue accrued from the Illegal industry of human trafficking does not contribute to a nation's GDP. On the contrary, it is a loss to the economy and national security of a nation, as it is a vicious cycle where this illegal activity can be accountable for funding other illegal activities.
The exploitation continuously generates large sums of illegal income for criminal networks, with a corresponding threat on other legitimate businesses which have positive economic impacts.
Human trafficking is a national threat as it blocks national growth and development. Economic costs that have been associated with human trafficking include lost labour productivity, human resources, taxable revenues, and migrant remittances, as well as unlawfully redistributed wealth and heightened law enforcement and public health costs.
Trafficking of migrants specifically has a negative impact on the potential financial gains of the migrants themselves, government and legitimate employers as income is redirected to traffickers and their associates.
All indications lead to the fact that profits generated by related organized crime are significant and global. As a major component of organized crime, with significant financial influence, human trafficking has a complex and interlocking negative impact across human, social, political and economic spheres.
Both the public debate on human trafficking and the actions undertaken by the anti-human traffickers have been criticized by numerous scholars and experts, including Zbigniew Dumienski, a former research analyst at the S.
Rajaratnam School of International Studies. According to a former Wall Street Journal columnist, figures used in human trafficking estimates rarely have identifiable sources or transparent methodologies behind them and in most if not all instances, they are mere guesses.
As an example, he cites flaws in Thai statistics, who discount men from their official numbers because by law they cannot be considered trafficking victims due to their gender.
A article in the International Communication Gazette examined the effect of two communication theories agenda-building and agenda-setting on media coverage on human trafficking in the United States and Britain.
The article analyzed four newspapers including the Guardian and the Washington Post and categorized the content into various categories.
Overall, the article found that sex trafficking was the most reported form of human trafficking by the newspapers that were analyzed p.
Many of the other stories on trafficking were non-specific. According to Zbigniew Dumienski, the very concept of human trafficking is murky and misleading.
For instance, she states that: 'would-be travellers commonly seek help from intermediaries who sell information, services and documents.
When travellers cannot afford to buy these outright, they go into debt'. The critics of the current approaches to trafficking say that a lot of the violence and exploitation faced by irregular migrants derives precisely from the fact that their migration and their work are illegal and not primarily because of trafficking.
The international Save the Children organization also stated: "The issue, however, gets mired in controversy and confusion when prostitution too is considered as a violation of the basic human rights of both adult women and minors, and equal to sexual exploitation per se…trafficking and prostitution become conflated with each other…On account of the historical conflation of trafficking and prostitution both legally and in popular understanding, an overwhelming degree of effort and interventions of anti-trafficking groups are concentrated on trafficking into prostitution.
Claudia Aradau of Open University, claims that NGOs involved in anti-sex trafficking often employ "politics of pity," which promotes that all trafficked victims are completely guiltless, fully coerced into sex work, and experience the same degrees of physical suffering.
NGOs' use of images of unidentifiable women suffering physically help display sex trafficking scenarios as all the same.
She points out that not all trafficking victims have been abducted, abused physically, and repeatedly raped, unlike popular portrayals.
Another common critique is that the concept of human trafficking focuses only on the most extreme forms of exploitation and diverts attention and resources away from more "everyday" but arguably much more widespread forms of exploitation and abuse that occur as part of the normal functioning of the economy.
As Quirk, Robinson, and Thibos write, "It is not always possible to sharply separate human trafficking from everyday abuses, and problems arise when the former is singled out while the latter is pushed to the margins.
Groups like Amnesty International have been critical of insufficient or ineffective government measures to tackle human trafficking. For example, Amnesty International has called the UK government's new anti-trafficking measures "not fit for purpose.
Rights groups have called attention to the negative impact that the implementation of anti-trafficking measures have on the human rights of various groups, especially migrants, sex workers, and trafficked persons themselves.
The Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women drew attention to this "collateral damage" already in In the UK, human trafficking cases are processed by the same officials to simultaneously determine the refugee and trafficking victim statuses of a person.
However, criteria for qualifying as a refugee and a trafficking victim differ and they have different needs for staying in a country.
In which case, not being granted refugee status affects their status as a trafficked victim and thus their ability to receive help.
Laura Agustin has suggested that, in some cases, "anti-traffickers" ascribe victim status to immigrants who have made conscious and rational decisions to cross the borders knowing they will be selling sex and who do not consider themselves to be victims.
In a lawsuit, [] the Court of Appeal gave guidance to prosecuting authorities on the prosecution of victims of human trafficking, and held that the convictions of three Vietnamese children and one Ugandan woman ought to be quashed as the proceedings amounted to an abuse of the court's process.
In the U. Legal procedures that involve prosecution and specifically, raids, are thus the most common anti-trafficking measures.
Raids are conducted by law enforcement and by private actors and many organizations sometimes in cooperation with law enforcement.
Law enforcement perceive some benefits from raids, including the ability to locate and identify witnesses for legal processes, to dismantle "criminal networks", and to rescue victims from abuse.
The problems against anti-trafficking raids are related to the problem of the trafficking concept itself, as raids' purpose of fighting sex trafficking may be conflated with fighting prostitution.
The Trafficking Victims Protection Re-authorization Act of TVPRA gives state and local law enforcement funding to prosecute customers of commercial sex, therefore some law enforcement agencies make no distinction between prostitution and sex trafficking.
One study interviewed women who have experienced law enforcement operations as sex workers and found that during these raids meant to combat human trafficking, none of the women were ever identified as trafficking victims, and only one woman was asked whether she was coerced into sex work.
The conflation of trafficking with prostitution, then, does not serve to adequately identify trafficking and help the victims.
Raids are also problematic in that the women involved were most likely unclear about who was conducting the raid, what the purpose of the raid was, and what the outcomes of the raid would be.
Law enforcement personnel agree that raids can intimidate trafficked persons and render subsequent law enforcement actions unsuccessful.
Social workers and attorneys involved in anti-sex trafficking have negative opinions about raids. Service providers report a lack of uniform procedure for identifying trafficking victims after raids.
The 26 interviewed service providers stated that local police never referred trafficked persons to them after raids.
Law enforcement also often use interrogation methods that intimidate rather than assist potential trafficking victims.
Additionally, sex workers sometimes face violence from the police during raids and arrests and in rehabilitation centers.
As raids occur to brothels that may house sex workers as well as sex trafficked victims, raids affect sex workers in general.
As clients avoid brothel areas that are raided but do not stop paying for sex, voluntary sex workers will have to interact with customers underground.
Underground interactions means that sex workers take greater risks, where as otherwise they would be cooperating with other sex workers and with sex worker organizations to report violence and protect each other.
One example of this is with HIV prevention. Sex workers collectives monitor condom use, promote HIV testing, and cares for and monitor the health of HIV positive sex workers.
Raids disrupt communal HIV care and prevention efforts, and if HIV positive sex workers are rescued and removed from their community, their treatments are disrupted, furthering the spread of AIDS.
Scholars Aziza Ahmed and Meena Seshu suggest reforms in law enforcement procedures so that raids are last resort, not violent, and are transparent in its purposes and processes.
Furthermore, they suggest that since any trafficking victims will probably be in contact with other sex workers first, working with sex workers may be an alternative to the raid and rescue model.
Critics argue that End Demand programs are ineffective in that prostitution is not reduced, " John schools " have little effect on deterrence and portray prostitutes negatively, and conflicts in interest arise between law enforcement and NGO service providers.
A study found that Sweden's legal experiment criminalizing clients of prostitution and providing services to prostitutes who want to exit the industry in order to combat trafficking did not reduce the number of prostitutes, but instead increased exploitation of sex workers because of the higher risk nature of their work.
Some john schools also intimidate johns into not purchasing sex again by depicting prostitutes as drug addicts, HIV positive, violent, and dangerous, which further marginalizes sex workers.
John schools require program fees, and police's involvement in NGOs who provide these programs create conflicts of interest especially with money involved.
However, according to a study, the Swedish approach of criminalizing demand has "led to an equality-centered approach that has drawn numerous positive reviews worldwide.
There are different feminist perspectives on sex trafficking. The third-wave feminist perspective of sex trafficking seeks to harmonize the dominant and liberal feminist views of sex trafficking.
The dominant feminist view focuses on "sexualized domination", which includes issues of pornography, female sex labor in a patriarchal world, rape, and sexual harassment.
Dominant feminism emphasizes sex trafficking as forced prostitution and considers the act exploitative.
Liberal feminism sees all agents as capable of reason and choice. Liberal feminists support sex workers rights, and argue that women who voluntarily chose sex work are autonomous.
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