Borders Deutsch "border" Deutsch Übersetzung
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Borders Deutsch "border" - polskie tłumaczenie Video
BORDER - Trailer \u0026 Filmclips deutsch german [HD] We are sorry for the Madame Hooch. Die Regierung Marokkos unterstützt die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit dieser Region seit Bewitched erheblichem Mitteleinsatz. Vorschläge: border external borders national Watch Movie 2k across borders without borders. English What would be the result if Sweden Alessandro introduced routine border inspections? Engpässe gibt es nicht nur an den Grenzen zu den Bewerberländern. Unterdöbling's southern border runs alongside Oberdöbling, in the west it borders on Untersievering and in the north on Grinzing as well as on parts of Heiligenstadt. Because the border had been sealed off everywhere since 13 August and more than ten people had already been killed at the Berlin Wall, potential escapees and their helpers turned to the laborious work of building underground tunnels. The next, things become more Borders Deutsch. Manchmal ist es einfach Unfreundlichkeit, manchmal grenzt es schon an Rassismus und manchmal beides. A person attempting to Sarah Danielle Madison an illegal crossing of the inner German border Lea - Die Strippende Studentintravelling from east to west, would first come to Cab Calloway "restricted zone" Sperrzone. English The criteria and the measures for securing the external borders are not simple. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. Staff 28 August The New York Times. Der Gegner steht nicht mehr hinter einer festgelegten Grenzesondern er ist Bombay Wuppertal unserer Grenzen. In practice, the waterways John Berry shared Mdr.De but the navigation channels Borders Deutsch strayed across the line. The Spokesman-Review. There was no formal legal basis under which a citizen could emigrate from East Germany. Staff 18 September
Verdammt Verliebt Serie this section of the former borderinfo markers recall several victims of the Wall:. Erst nach dem Bestehen der Module in der Weiterbildung im 2. The scope does not extend to on-board security which may need to be addressed at some Rabenvater date. Wir müssen den Willen haben, die Grenzen zu öffnen. Die Frage ist jedoch, wie wir Oceans 8 Trailer Grenzen besser vor illegaler Einwanderung schützen können. Genau: To the south, it borders on the districts of Löbervorstadt and Daberstedt. Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch M*A*S*H. Diese Sätze Onlinr von externen Quellen und können mitunter Fehler enthalten. Guard dogs were used to provide an additional deterrent to escapees. The dogs were occasionally turned loose in temporary pens adjoining gates or damaged sections of the fence.
The guards used an all-weather patrol road Kolonnenweg , literally "column way" to patrol the border and travel rapidly to the scene of an attempted crossing.
Next to the Kolonnenweg was one of the control strips Kontrollstreifen , a line of bare earth running parallel to the fences along almost the entire length of the border.
There were two control strips, both located on the inward-facing sides of the fences. The secondary "K2" strip, 2 metres 6.
Anyone attempting to cross the control strips would leave footprints, which were quickly detected by patrols. This enabled the guards to identify otherwise undetected escape attempts, recording how many individuals had crossed, where escape attempts were being made and at which times of day escapees were active.
From this information, the guards were able to determine where and when patrols needed to be increased, where improved surveillance from watchtowers and bunkers was required, and which areas needed additional fortifications.
Anti-vehicle barriers were installed on the other side of the primary control strip. In some locations, Czech hedgehog barricades, known in German as Panzersperre or Stahligel "steel hedgehogs" , were used to prevent vehicles being used to cross the border.
The outer fences were constructed in a number of phases, starting with the initial fortification of the border from May The first-generation fence was a crudely constructed single barbed-wire fence Stacheldrahtzaun which stood between 1.
Reconstruction of the "first-generation" fence as erected in , with control strip in the foreground. The "second-generation" fences in , with derelict barbed wire in the foreground, a control strip, two rows of barbed wire further back and a watchtower at the rear.
A border marker pole stands in front of a third-generation fence, which was constructed from several overlapping horizontal tiers of expanded steel-mesh fencing.
A stretch of the wall still stands as a memorial to the division of Germany. A "third-generation" fence, much more solidly constructed, was installed in an ongoing programme of improvements from the late s to the s.
The fence line was moved back to create an outer strip between the fence and the actual border. The barbed-wire fences were replaced with a barrier that was usually 3.
It was constructed with expanded metal mesh Metallgitterzaun panels. The openings in the mesh were generally too small to provide finger-holds and were very sharp.
The panels could not easily be pulled down, as they overlapped, and they could not be cut through with a bolt- or wire-cutter.
Nor could they be tunnelled under easily, as the bottom segment of the fences was partially buried in the ground.
In a number of places, more lightly constructed fences Lichtsperren consisting of mesh and barbed wire lined the border.
Gates were installed to enable guards to patrol up to the line and to give engineers access for maintenance on the outward-facing side of the barrier.
In some places, villages adjoining the border were fenced with wooden board fences Holzlattenzaun or concrete barrier walls Betonsperrmauern standing around 3—4 metres 9.
Windows in buildings adjoining the border were bricked or boarded up, and buildings deemed too close to the border were pulled down.
Anti-personnel mines were installed along approximately half of the border's length starting in ; by the s, some 1. They were activated by tripwires connected to the firing mechanism.
This detonated a horn-shaped charge filled with shrapnel that was sprayed in one direction along the line of the fence.
The mines were eventually removed by the end of in the face of international condemnation of the East German government. Until the late s, the fortifications were constructed almost up to the actual border line.
This gave the guards a clear field of fire to target escapees without shots landing in the West and provided a buffer zone where engineers could work on maintaining the outward face of the fence in East German territory.
Access to the outer strip was very tightly controlled, to ensure that the guards themselves would not be tempted to escape. Although often described by Western sources as a " no-man's land ", it was de jure wholly East German territory, and escapees could be arrested or shot.
The actual border: a West German pole with warning sign, a GDR marker and the fence and a watchtower beyond.
A distinctive East German " barber pole " border marker. The spike on the top deterred birds from perching on it.
The actual line between West and East Germany was located on the far side of the outer strip. It was marked by granite stones Grenzsteine with the letters "DDR" carved on the west-facing edge.
A metal coat of arms of East Germany Staatsemblem was fixed to the side of the marker facing West Germany. On the West German side, there were no fortifications of any kind, nor even any patrol roads in most areas.
Warning signs Grenzschilder with messages such as Achtung! Zonal border! Hier Zonengrenze "Stop! Zonal border here" notified visitors.
Foreign military personnel were restricted from approaching the border to avoid clashes or other unwanted incidents.
Signs in English and German provided notifications of the distance to the border to prevent accidental crossings. No such restriction applied to Western civilians, who were free to go up to the border line, and there were no physical obstacles to stop their crossing it.
The inner German border system also extended along the Baltic coast, dubbed the "blue border" or sea border of the GDR. The coastline was partly fortified along the east side mouth of the river Trave opposite the West German port of Travemünde.
Watchtowers, walls and fences stood along the marshy shoreline to deter escape attempts and the water was patrolled by high-speed East German boats.
The continuous line of the inner German border ended at the peninsula of Priwall , still belonging to Travemünde, but already on the east side of the Trave.
From there to Boltenhagen , along some 15 kilometres 9. The GDR implemented a variety of security measures along its Baltic coastline to hinder escape attempts.
Camping and access to boats was severely limited [30] and 27 watchtowers were built along the Baltic coastline. Armed patrols equipped with powerful mobile searchlights monitored the beaches.
Escapees aimed for the western West German shore of the Bay of Mecklenburg, a Danish lightship off the port of Gedser , the southern Danish islands of Lolland and Falster , or simply the international shipping lanes in the hope of being picked up by a passing freighter.
The Baltic Sea was, however, an extremely dangerous escape route. Some East Germans tried to escape by jumping overboard from East German ships docked in Baltic harbours.
So many East Germans attempted to flee this way in Danish ports that harbourmasters installed extra life-saving equipment on quaysides where East German vessels docked.
The GDR's government responded by stationing armed Transportpolizei Trapos on passenger ships to deal forcefully with escape attempts.
On one occasion in August , the Trapos caused an international incident in the Danish port of Gedser, when they beat up a would-be escapee on the quayside and opened fire, hitting a Danish boat in the harbour.
The next day, thousands of Danes turned out to protest against " Vopo Volkspolizei methods". The "boat-jumpers" were eventually stopped by further restricting the already limited travel rights of the GDR's population.
The river borders were especially problematic; although the Western Allies and West Germany held that the demarcation line ran along the eastern bank, the East Germans and Soviets insisted that it was located in the middle of the river the Thalweg principle.
In practice, the waterways were shared equally but the navigation channels often strayed across the line. This led to tense confrontations as East or West German vessels sought to assert their right to free passage on the waterways.
The rivers were as heavily guarded as other parts of the border. On the Elbe, East Germany maintained a fleet of about 30 fast patrol boats and West Germany had some 16 customs vessels.
The river border was closely watched for escapees, many of whom drowned attempting to cross. At one location, Rüterberg on the Elbe, the border fortifications completely surrounded the village and sealed off the inhabitants from the rest of East Germany as well as the West.
The guards of the inner German border comprised tens of thousands of military, paramilitary and civilian personnel from both East and West Germany, as well as from the United Kingdom, the United States and initially the Soviet Union.
Around half of the Grenztruppen were conscripts, a lower proportion than in other branches of the East German armed forces.
Many potential recruits were screened out as potentially unreliable; for instance, actively religious individuals or those with close relatives in West Germany.
They were all subjected to close scrutiny to assure their political reliability and were given intensive ideological indoctrination. A special unit of the Stasi secret police worked covertly within the Grenztruppen , posing as regular border guards, between and , to weed out potential defectors.
The Stasi regularly interviewed and maintained files on every guard. Stasi operatives were directly responsible for some aspects of security; passport control stations at crossings were manned by Stasi officers wearing Grenztruppen uniforms.
The Grenztruppen were closely watched to ensure that they could not take advantage of their inside knowledge to escape across the border.
Patrols, watchtowers and observation posts were always manned by two or three guards at a time. They were not allowed to go out of each other's sight in any circumstances.
If a guard attempted to escape, his colleagues were under instructions to shoot him without hesitation or prior warning; [82] 2, did escape to the West, 5, more were caught and imprisoned for up to five years, [83] and a number were shot and killed or injured in the attempt.
The work of the guards involved carrying out repair work on the defences, monitoring the zone from watchtowers and bunkers and patrolling the line several times a day.
Border Reconnaissance Grenzaufklärungszug or GAK soldiers, an elite reconnaissance force, carried out patrols and intelligence-gathering on the western side of the fence.
Western visitors to the border were routinely photographed by the GAKs, who also oversaw work detachments maintaining the fence. The workers would be covered by machine guns to discourage them from attempting to escape.
A number of West German state organisations were responsible for policing the western side of the border. The BGS had limited police powers within its zone of operations to tackle threats to the peace of the border.
Its personnel lived with their families in communities along the border and carried out regular policing tasks in a zone about 10 kilometres 6.
They had the power to arrest and search suspects in their area of operations with the exception of the section of border in Bavaria. Its duties were very similar to those of the BZV, leading to turf wars between the two agencies.
The British Army conducted only relatively infrequent patrols along its sector of the inner German border, principally for training purposes and symbolic value.
By the s, it was carrying out only one patrol a month, only rarely using helicopters or ground surveillance radar and erecting no permanent observation posts.
The border was also patrolled in the British sector by the British Frontier Service , the smallest of the Western border surveillance organisations.
Its personnel served as a liaison between British military and political interests and the German agencies on the border. The United States Army maintained a substantial and continuous military presence at the inner German border throughout the entire period from to after the end of the Cold War.
Regular American soldiers manned the border from the end of the war until they were replaced in by the United States Constabulary , [94] which was disbanded in after policing duties were transferred to the German authorities.
It was replaced by three dedicated armoured cavalry regiments assigned to provide a permanent defence. There was little informal contact between the two sides; East German guards were under orders not to speak to Westerners.
They were used to resolve local problems affecting the border, such as floods, forest fires or stray animals. For many years, the two sides waged a propaganda battle across the border using propaganda signs and canisters of leaflets fired or dropped into each other's territory.
During the s, West Germany sent millions of propaganda leaflets into East Germany each year. The inner German border was never entirely sealed in the fashion of the border between the two Koreas and could be crossed in either direction throughout the Cold War.
This was mostly respected by the Soviets and East Germans, albeit with periodic interruptions and harassment of travellers.
Before and after the blockade, Western civilian and military trains, road traffic and barges routinely passed through East Germany en route to Berlin.
The border could be crossed legally only through a limited number of air, road, rail and river routes. However, they had only limited and very tightly controlled access to the rest of East Germany and faced numerous restrictions on travel, accommodation and expenditure.
Travelling from west to east through [the inner German border] was like entering a drab and disturbing dream, peopled by all the ogres of totalitarianism, a half-lit world of shabby resentments, where anything could be done to you, I used to feel, without anybody ever hearing of it, and your every step was dogged by watchful eyes and mechanisms.
Before , the inner German border could be crossed at almost any point along its length. It was not possible to simply drive through the gap in the fence that existed at crossing points, as the East Germans installed high-impact vehicle barriers and mobile rolling barriers that could and did kill drivers that attempted to ram them.
Inspection pits and mirrors allowed the undersides of vehicles to be scrutinised. Probes were used to investigate the chassis and even the fuel tank, where a fugitive might be concealed, and vehicles could be partially dismantled in on-site garages.
At Marienborn there was even a mortuary garage where coffins could be checked to confirm that the occupants really were dead.
West Germans were able to cross the border relatively freely to visit relatives, but had to go through numerous bureaucratic formalities. East Germans were subjected to far stricter restrictions.
It was not until November that they were allowed to visit the West at all, and even then only pensioners were allowed. This gave rise to a joke that only in East Germany did people look forward to old age.
They had to apply for an exit visa and passport, pay a substantial fee, obtain permission from their employer and undergo an interrogation from the police.
The odds were against successful applications, and only approximately 40, a year were approved. Refusal was often arbitrary, dependent on the goodwill of local officials.
However, they were not permitted to take their families with them. Until the late s, ordinary East Germans were only permitted to travel to the West on "urgent family business", such as the marriage, serious illness or death of a close relative.
In February , the regime relaxed the definition of "urgent family business", which prompted a massive increase in the number of East German citizens able to travel to the West.
In practice, however, it had exactly the opposite effect. There was no formal legal basis under which a citizen could emigrate from East Germany. In , however, East Germany signed up to the Helsinki Accords , a pan-European treaty to improve relations between the countries of Europe.
The process of applying for an exit permit was deliberately made slow, demeaning, frustrating and often fruitless. Applicants were marginalised, demoted or sacked from their jobs, excluded from universities and subjected to ostracism.
A report for the Central Committee's security section noted: "The emigration problem is confronting us with a fundamental problem of the GDR's development.
Experience shows that the current repertoire of solutions improved travel possibilities, expatriation of applicants, etc. East German citizens could also emigrate through the semi-secret route of being ransomed by the West German government in a process termed Freikauf literally the buying of freedom.
In exchange, West Germany paid over 3. The justification, according to East Germany, was that this was compensation for the money invested by the state in the prisoner's training.
For a while, payments were made in kind using goods that were in short supply in East Germany, such as oranges, bananas, coffee and medical drugs.
The scheme was highly controversial in the West. Freikauf was denounced by many as human trafficking , but was defended by others as an "act of pure humanitarianism"; [] the West German government budgeted money for Freikauf under the euphemistic heading of "support of special aid measures of an all-German character.
Between and , around 4 million East Germans migrated to the West; 3. After the border was fortified and the Berlin Wall constructed, the number of illegal crossings fell dramatically and continued to fall as the defences were improved over the subsequent decades.
However, escapees were never more than a small minority of the total number of emigrants from East Germany. Far more people left the country after being granted official permits, by fleeing through third countries or by being ransomed by the West German government.
The vast majority of refugees were motivated by economic concerns and sought to improve their living conditions and opportunities by migrating to the West.
Events such as the crushing of the uprising, the imposition of collectivisation and East Germany's final economic crisis in the late s prompted surges in the number of escape attempts.
Attempts to flee across the border were carefully studied and recorded by the GDR authorities to identify possible weak points. These were addressed by strengthening the fortifications in vulnerable areas.
At the end of the s, a study was carried out by the East German army to review attempted "border breaches" Grenzdurchbrüche. Escape attempts were severely punished by the GDR.
From , the regime described the act of escaping as Republikflucht literally "flight from the Republic" , by analogy with the existing military term Fahnenflucht "desertion".
A successful escapee was not a Flüchtling "refugee" but a Republikflüchtiger "Republic deserter". Those who attempted to escape were called Sperrbrecher literally "blockade runners" but more loosely translated as "border violators".
Republikflucht became a crime in , punishable by heavy fines and up to three years' imprisonment. Those caught in the act were often tried for espionage as well and given proportionately harsher sentences.
Border guards who attempted to escape were treated much more harshly and were on average imprisoned for five years.
Escapees used a variety of methods. The great majority crossed on foot, though some took more unusual routes. One of the most spectacular was the balloon escape in September of eight people from two families in a home-made hot-air balloon.
Other escapees relied more on physical strength and endurance. Mass escapes were rare. They were able to escape detection by being concealed under the carcasses of slaughtered pigs being transported to the West.
The traffic was not one-way; thousands of people migrated each year from West Germany to the east, motivated by reasons such as marital problems, family estrangement and homesickness.
Petersburg Times put it "girl-hungry GIs [were tempted] with seductive sirens, who usually desert the love-lorn soldier once he is across the border".
The fate of such defectors varied considerably. Some were sent straight to labour camps on charges of espionage.
Others committed suicide, while a few were able to find wives and work on the eastern side of the border. From onwards, unauthorised crossers of the inner German border risked being shot by Soviet or East German guards.
It was formally in force as early as , when regulations concerning the use of firearms on the border were promulgated. From the s through to the end of the s, the border guards were given daily verbal orders Vergatterung to "track down, arrest or annihilate violators".
The GDR formally codified its regulations on the use of deadly force in March , when the State Border Law mandated that firearms were to be used as the "maximum measure in the use of force" against individuals who "publicly attempt to break through the state border".
The GDR's leadership explicitly endorsed the use of deadly force. General Heinz Hoffmann , the GDR defence minister, declared in August that "anyone who does not respect our border will feel the bullet".
In , Erich Honecker , as Chairman of the GDR's National Defence Council, ordered: "Firearms are to be ruthlessly used in the event of attempts to break through the border, and the comrades who have successfully used their firearms are to be commended.
It is still not certain how many people died on the inner German border or who they all were, as the GDR treated such information as a closely guarded secret.
But estimates have risen steadily since unification, as evidence has been gathered from East German records. There were many ways to die on the inner German border.
Numerous escapees were shot by the border guards, while others were killed by mines and booby-traps. A substantial number drowned while trying to cross the Baltic and the Elbe river.
Not all of those killed on the border were attempting to escape. His death aroused condemnation across the political spectrum in West Germany.
An Italian truck driver and member of the Italian Communist Party , Benito Corghi , was shot at a crossing point in August ; the GDR government was severely embarrassed and, unusually, offered an apology.
The Stasi reported that he had been "liquidated by security forces of the GDR". Twenty-five East German border guards died after being shot from the Western side of the border or were killed by resisting escapees or often accidentally by their own colleagues.
The two sides commemorated their dead in very different ways. Various mostly unofficial memorials were set up on the western side by people seeking to commemorate victims of the border.
West Germans such as Michael Gartenschläger and Kurt Lichtenstein were commemorated with signs and memorials, some of which were supported by the government.
The taboo in East Germany surrounding escapees meant that the great majority of deaths went unpublicised and uncommemorated.
However, the deaths of border guards were used for GDR propaganda, which portrayed them as "martyrs". Four stone memorials were erected in East Berlin to mark their deaths.
After the memorials were vandalised, neglected and ultimately removed. The fall of the inner German border came rapidly and unexpectedly in November , along with the fall of the Berlin Wall.
Its integrity had been fatally compromised in May when the Hungarian government began dismantling its border fence with Austria.
The government was still notionally Communist but planned free elections and economic reform as part of a strategy of "rejoining Europe" and reforming its struggling economy.
Opening the Hungarian border with Austria was essential to this effort. In addition to those crossing the Hungarian border, tens of thousands of East Germans scaled the walls of the West German embassies in Prague , Warsaw and Budapest , where they were regarded as "German citizens" by the federal government, claiming "asylum".
Czechoslovakia's hardline communist government agreed to close its border with East Germany to choke off the exodus.
The closure produced uproar across East Germany [] and the GDR government's bid to humiliate refugees by expelling them from the country in sealed trains backfired disastrously.
English Recently, I've also made some rather highbrow baroque borders out of lowbrow pasta. English The actors within the market transcend borders and have become international.
English The huge growth in demand beyond the EU's borders alone will determine this. English Does it accept that Frontex is acting on the external borders of the European Union?
English The very objective of these agreements is for those borders to be respected. English The first is the question of young people being able to move across borders.
English The criteria and the measures for securing the external borders are not simple. English Together, we shall be able to solve Europe's cross- border environmental problems.
English Gauge switches are now being tested there to make it easier to cross the border. English Furthermore, meat contaminated with salmonella is crossing the border into Sweden.
English The doubling of cross- border journeys is still something we have to reckon with. English Cross- border approaches to meet security of supply plainly need to be produced.
English Finland shares a border with Russia that is more than one thousand kilometres long. English You are able to move the Frame border of the additional table view by mouse.
English The inserted page break is indicated by a blue border at the top of the new page. English The aim of DTAs is to overcome obstacles for cross- border economic transactions.
English What would be the result if Sweden still introduced routine border inspections? English In this instance, two countries would constitute a cross- border block of airspace.
English Define the horizontal spacing between the contents and border of the floating frame. English This is where you define the border , area and character attributes for a legend.
English In central Europe we are moving the old wall from the border of Germany eastwards. English The situation regarding cross- border transactions, on the other hand, is different.
English It is very important for us all that our external border is both open and secure. English This is a border area where it will be very difficult to strike the right balance.
English Again, there has been a very massive growth in cross- border child pornography. English I was asked whether or not the single border guard had been decided or discussed.
English Similarly, what has happened to the recommendation for a European border guard. Collocations "border guard" in German.
Synonyms Synonyms English for "border":. English abut adjoin borderline bound boundary line butt butt against butt on delimitation edge environ frame frame in march margin.
English The Union's cross- border financial integration has no equivalent in the world. English This fact is discouraging many people, causing a slowdown in cross- border mobility.
English It specifically concerns the movement of persons across the Czech-German border. English Before 23 December there was not even a border crossing between the two villages.
English This will require the legislation to be restricted only to cross- border cases. English Conditions for access to the network for cross- border exchanges in electricity.
English In the case of the mining sector, accidents can often have a cross- border impact. English My other question relates to the names of medicines in cross- border regions.
English Do the Rabit teams have their own equipment for border control and surveillance? Synonimy Synonimy angielski dla "border":. From the s through to the end of the s, the border guards were given daily verbal orders Vergatterung to "track down, arrest or annihilate violators".
The GDR formally codified its regulations on the use of deadly force in March , when the State Border Law mandated that firearms were to be used as the "maximum measure in the use of force" against individuals who "publicly attempt to break through the state border".
The GDR's leadership explicitly endorsed the use of deadly force. General Heinz Hoffmann , the GDR defence minister, declared in August that "anyone who does not respect our border will feel the bullet".
In , Erich Honecker , as Chairman of the GDR's National Defence Council, ordered: "Firearms are to be ruthlessly used in the event of attempts to break through the border, and the comrades who have successfully used their firearms are to be commended.
It is still not certain how many people died on the inner German border or who they all were, as the GDR treated such information as a closely guarded secret.
But estimates have risen steadily since unification, as evidence has been gathered from East German records.
There were many ways to die on the inner German border. Numerous escapees were shot by the border guards, while others were killed by mines and booby-traps.
A substantial number drowned while trying to cross the Baltic and the Elbe river. Not all of those killed on the border were attempting to escape.
His death aroused condemnation across the political spectrum in West Germany. An Italian truck driver and member of the Italian Communist Party , Benito Corghi , was shot at a crossing point in August ; the GDR government was severely embarrassed and, unusually, offered an apology.
The Stasi reported that he had been "liquidated by security forces of the GDR". Twenty-five East German border guards died after being shot from the Western side of the border or were killed by resisting escapees or often accidentally by their own colleagues.
The two sides commemorated their dead in very different ways. Various mostly unofficial memorials were set up on the western side by people seeking to commemorate victims of the border.
West Germans such as Michael Gartenschläger and Kurt Lichtenstein were commemorated with signs and memorials, some of which were supported by the government.
The taboo in East Germany surrounding escapees meant that the great majority of deaths went unpublicised and uncommemorated.
However, the deaths of border guards were used for GDR propaganda, which portrayed them as "martyrs". Four stone memorials were erected in East Berlin to mark their deaths.
After the memorials were vandalised, neglected and ultimately removed. The fall of the inner German border came rapidly and unexpectedly in November , along with the fall of the Berlin Wall.
Its integrity had been fatally compromised in May when the Hungarian government began dismantling its border fence with Austria.
The government was still notionally Communist but planned free elections and economic reform as part of a strategy of "rejoining Europe" and reforming its struggling economy.
Opening the Hungarian border with Austria was essential to this effort. In addition to those crossing the Hungarian border, tens of thousands of East Germans scaled the walls of the West German embassies in Prague , Warsaw and Budapest , where they were regarded as "German citizens" by the federal government, claiming "asylum".
Czechoslovakia's hardline communist government agreed to close its border with East Germany to choke off the exodus.
The closure produced uproar across East Germany [] and the GDR government's bid to humiliate refugees by expelling them from the country in sealed trains backfired disastrously.
Torn-up identity papers and East German passports littered the tracks as the refugees threw them out of the windows. Dozens were injured and the station concourse was virtually destroyed.
The small pro-democracy Monday demonstrations soon swelled into crowds of hundreds of thousands of people in cities across East Germany.
The East German leadership considered using force but ultimately backed down, lacking support from the Soviet Union for a violent Tiananmen Square -style military intervention.
The new government sought to appease the protesters by reopening the border with Czechoslovakia. This, however, merely resulted in the resumption of the mass exodus through Hungary via Czechoslovakia.
Misunderstanding the note passed to him about the decision to open the border, he announced the border would be opened "immediately, without delay", rather than from the following day as the government had intended.
Crucially, it was neither meant to be an uncontrolled opening nor to apply to East Germans wishing to visit the West as tourists. It is a permission of leaving the GDR [permanently].
As the press conference had been broadcast live, within hours, thousands of people gathered at the Berlin Wall demanding that the guards open the gates.
The border guards were unable to contact their superiors for instructions and, fearing a stampede, opened the gates. While the eyes of the world were on the Mauerfall the fall of the Wall in Berlin, a simultaneous process of Grenzöffnung border opening was taking place along the entire length of the inner German border.
Existing crossings were opened immediately. Within the first four days, 4. Many new crossing points were created, reconnecting communities that had been separated for nearly 40 years.
It was not just the arrivals at Hof who wore their emotions on their sleeves. The local people turned out in their hundreds to welcome them; stout men and women in their Sunday best, twice or three times the average age of those getting off the trains, wept as they clapped.
Those arriving at Hof report people lining the route of the trains in East Germany waving and clapping and holding placards saying: 'We're coming soon.
Even the East German border guards were not immune to the euphoria. One of them, Peter Zahn, described how he and his colleagues reacted to the opening of the border:.
After the Wall fell, we were in a state of delirium. We submitted a request for our reserve activities to be ended, which was approved a few days later.
We visited Helmstedt and Braunschweig in West Germany, which would have been impossible before. In the NVA even listening to Western radio stations was punishable and there we were on an outing in the West.
To the surprise of many West Germans, many of the East German visitors spent their DM "welcome money" buying great quantities of bananas, a highly prized rarity in the East.
For months after the opening of the border, bananas were sold out at supermarkets along the western side of the border as East Germans bought up whole crates, believing supplies would soon be exhausted.
Some West German leftists protested at what they saw as rampant consumerism by tossing bananas at East Germans coming to visit the West.
Gaby was shown holding a large peeled cucumber. The opening of the border had a profound political and psychological effect on the East German public.
For many people, the very existence of the GDR, which the SED had justified as the first "Socialist state on German soil", came to be seen as pointless.
The state was bankrupt, the economy was collapsing, the political class was discredited, the governing institutions were in chaos and the people were demoralised by the evaporation of the collective assumptions that had underpinned their society for 40 years.
The new East German leadership initiated "round table" talks with opposition groups, similar to the processes that had led to multi-party elections in Hungary and Poland.
Both countries progressed rapidly towards reunification, while international diplomacy paved the way abroad. In July , monetary union was achieved.
The border fortifications were progressively torn down and eventually abandoned in the months following its opening. Dozens of new crossings were opened by February , and the guards no longer carried weapons nor made much effort to check travellers' passports.
The Bundeswehr gave the remaining border guards and other ex-NVA soldiers the task of clearing the fortifications, which was completed only in The scale of the task was immense, involving both the clearing of the fortifications and the rebuilding of hundreds of roads and railway lines.
Although the 1. The border clearers' task was aided unofficially by German civilians from both sides of the former border, who scavenged the installations for fencing, wire and blocks of concrete to use in home improvements.
Much of the fence was sold to a West German scrap-metal company. Environmental groups undertook a programme of re-greening the border, planting new trees and sowing grass seed to fill in the clear-cut area along the line.
Very little remains of the installations along the former inner German border. Among the preserved sites are several dozen watchtowers, short stretches of the fence and associated installations some of which have been reconstructed , sections of the wall still in situ at Hötensleben and Mödlareuth, and a number of buildings related to the border, such as the GDR crossing point at Marienborn.
Substantial sections of the Kolonnenweg remain in place to serve as farm and forestry access roads, though the accompanying anti-vehicle ditches, fences and other obstacles have been almost entirely removed.
Artworks, commemorative stones, memorials and signs have been erected at many points along the former border to mark its opening, to remember its victims and to record the division and reunification of Germany.
Although parts of the East German side of the border were farmed, intensive farming of the kind practised elsewhere in Germany was absent and large areas were untouched by agriculture.
Conservationists became aware as early as the s that the border had become a refuge for rare species of animals and plants. Their findings led the Bavarian government to begin a programme of buying land along the border to ensure its protection from development.
In December , only a month after the opening of the border, conservationists from East and West Germany met to work out a plan to establish a " German Green Belt " Grünes Band Deutschland stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Czech border.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Border which separated East Germany and West Germany. Further information: Development of the inner German border.
Phases of development of the inner German border. The border before fortification: inter-zonal barrier near Asbach in Thuringia, The newly strengthened border in , with barbed-wire fences, watchtowers, and minefields.
The West German view: "Germany does not end here! The Fatherland is over there too! Further information: Fortifications of the inner German border.
East German border watchtowers and bunkers. East German border fences and walls. The East—West border line.
Sparnberg on the Saale in the mids, enclosed behind a concrete wall. High-speed GDR river patrol boat, equipped with searchlights to detect escapees.
Main article: Border guards of the inner German border. United States Army personnel meet with Bundesgrenzschutz officers, Roll of East German propaganda leaflets in a canister which was fired across the border during the "leaflet war" between East and West Germany.
The caption reads: "He who aims high shall fall a long way. Further information: Crossing the inner German border during the Cold War. Vehicles queuing at the East German passport control at the Marienborn crossing point, December The West German crossing facility at Herleshausen in , looking west along Bundesautobahn 4.
Further information: Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border. Boot modified with a hooked overshoe to enable the wearer to climb the fences.
His death was memorialised by the German Federation of Trade Unions. The GDR blamed "imperialist agents" for his death.
Main article: Fall of the inner German border. East and West Germans mingling in front of the newly opened border wall in Heinersdorf, Thuringia, 4 December Further information: Museums of the inner German border.
Memorial to "the victims of inhumanity" at Rüterberg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. View of border-related exhibits at the Grenzmuseum Schifflersgrund in Thuringia.
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