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Alan Mathison Turing OBE, FRS war ein britischer Logiker, Mathematiker, Kryptoanalytiker und Informatiker. Er gilt heute als einer der einflussreichsten Theoretiker der frühen Computerentwicklung und Informatik. Alan Mathison Turing OBE, FRS [ˈælən ˈmæθɪsən ˈtjʊəɹɪŋ] (* Juni in London; † 7. Juni in Wilmslow, Cheshire) war ein britischer Logiker. Alan Turing ist seiner Zeit immer einen Schritt voraus: Er nimmt vorweg, wie man Computer baut, was sie können, und wie man sie "intelligent" macht - und prägt. Alan Mathison Turing wurde in Großbritannien geboren. Im Mathestudium fing Turing an, die Grundlagen für moderne. Das Kabinett beleuchtet das Genie Alan Turings und zeigt den Nachbau einer Turing-Maschine. Alan Mathison Turing war ein britischer Mathematiker, Logiker und Kryptoanalytiker. Mit dem Berechenbarkeitsmodell der Turingmaschine legte er die. Die Bank of England ehrt Alan Turing mit einer Banknote. Der Mathematiker gilt als Vater des Computers. Als Homosexueller war er in den.
I think murder by state agents is unlikely. There is no known evidence pointing to any such act. However, it is a major failing that this possibility has never been considered or investigated.
In September , the government announced its intention to expand this retroactive exoneration to other men convicted of similar historical indecency offences, in what was described as an " Alan Turing law ".
The law applies in England and Wales. Turing was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire in Turing has been honoured in various ways in Manchester , the city where he worked towards the end of his life.
In , a stretch of the A road the Manchester city intermediate ring road was named "Alan Turing Way". A bridge carrying this road was widened, and carries the name Alan Turing Bridge.
The memorial statue depicts the "father of computer science" sitting on a bench at a central position in the park. Turing is shown holding an apple.
However, the meaning of the coded message is disputed, as the 'u' in 'computer' matches up with the 'u' in 'ADXUO'.
As a letter encoded by an enigma machine cannot appear as itself, the actual message behind the code is uncertain.
A plaque at the statue's feet reads 'Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice'.
There is also a Bertrand Russell quotation: "Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty—a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture.
In , Time magazine named Turing as one of the Most Important People of the 20th century and stated, "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine.
In May it was reported by Gay Star News that a foot 3. Historic England , however, was quoted as saying that the abstract work of 19 steel slabs " This would result in harm, of a less than substantial nature, to the significance of the listed buildings and landscape, and by extension the conservation area.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. English mathematician and computer scientist. For other uses, see Turing disambiguation. Maida Vale , London, England.
Wilmslow , Cheshire, England. Logic Mathematics Cryptanalysis Computer science Mathematical and theoretical biology [1].
Main article: Bombe. United Kingdom. Scotland Northern Ireland. Crown dependencies. Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man.
Overseas Territories. Same-sex marriage by territory. Sexual orientation. Gender identity. Protection and recognition. By city.
Brighton London Liverpool Leeds Manchester. Gay villages. Gay male. Polari Saunas Cruising. Pride events. Former groups. NI Blood donation deferral 3 months incl.
Main article: Legacy of Alan Turing. See also: List of things named after Alan Turing. Main article: Alan Turing Year. On axiomatic systems in mathematics and theories in physics PhD thesis.
University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 9 December Retrieved 9 December In Bowen, Jonathan P.
Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems. SETSS Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer. In Copeland, B. Jack ; Bowen, Jonathan P.
The Turing Guide. Oxford University Press. The British Library. Archived from the original on 23 July Retrieved 29 July Who's Who.
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Archived from the original on 19 January Retrieved 10 January Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer.
The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine.
BBC News Technology. Archived from the original on 11 October Retrieved 26 October However, both The Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see Schilling, Jonathan 8 January The Churchill Centre: Myths.
Archived from the original on 17 February Retrieved 9 January Update to Alan Turing: The Enigma. Archived from the original on 20 January A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it.
See Spencer, Clare 11 September BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 December Retrieved 17 February New York: Oxford University Press.
Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press. Archived from the original on 20 October Retrieved 20 October Alan Turing: The Enigma. Archived from the original on 14 October Retrieved 2 January The Irish Times , 23 June English Heritage.
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Archived from the original on 12 September Retrieved 3 July Archived from the original on 3 December James 11 December System Toolbox.
Archived from the original on 3 August Retrieved 27 July The Guildford Dragon. Archived from the original on 19 October Retrieved 31 October Sherborne School, Dorset.
Archived PDF from the original on 26 December Retrieved 5 February The Old Shirburnian Society. Retrieved 10 October Basic Books.
New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 7 January Princeton University Press. King's College, Cambridge.
Archived from the original on 7 December Retrieved 8 December Jack Copeland; Carl J. Posy; Oron Shagrir Computability: Turing, Gödel, Church, and Beyond.
MIT Press. Mathematics and Computation. Archived from the original on 4 March Retrieved 28 February Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society.
Princeton University. Archived from the original PDF on 23 October Retrieved 4 February Britain's Greatest Codebreaker TV broadcast.
UK Channel 4. In Smith, Michael; Erskine, Ralph eds. Action This Day. Archived from the original on 2 November Archived from the original on 7 April Retrieved 25 March Archived from the original on 8 April Archived from the original on 4 October Retrieved 20 April Archived PDF from the original on 29 August Archived from the original on 29 August The Lyons Press.
The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 December Retrieved 10 December Globe Runner. Archived from the original on 18 August Retrieved 23 June Archived from the original on 14 September Retrieved 12 June Archived from the original on 8 November The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
Archived from the original on 13 November Archived from the original on 7 July Retrieved 21 June Archived from the original on 26 June Retrieved 6 February Archived from the original on 9 July Archived from the original on 30 June Retrieved 30 June Prologue Magazine.
Fall — Archived PDF from the original on 26 June Retrieved 13 April — via National Archives. Retrieved 7 April Archived PDF from the original on 27 January Retrieved 27 January Archived from the original on 5 July Archived PDF from the original on 21 May Retrieved 7 February Alan Turing's Manchester.
Manchester: Infang Publishing. Retrieved 18 March Retrieved 11 November Retrieved 22 May Minds and Machines. Archived from the original on 23 August Retrieved 28 November Bibcode : Sci Archived from the original on 5 September Retrieved 16 December Retrieved 11 October Random House.
Archived from the original on 17 January Retrieved 16 January Archived from the original on 23 June We have But the evidence is not there.
Series of 11 autograph letters to Robin Gandy, Guilford, 28 July — 11 June most before , altogether 29 pages, 8vo 2 letters dated 17 May and 26 May incomplete, lacking continuation leaves, occasional light soiling ".
Archived from the original on 7 February London: Andre Deutsch. Archived from the original on 31 August Retrieved 31 August Archived from the original on 5 October Retrieved 1 September Archived from the original on 4 February Archived from the original on 27 May Retrieved 11 September Archived from the original on 10 January Archived from the original on 19 June The Independent.
Archived from the original on 24 December Retrieved 21 August Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 6 July Retrieved 29 August Archived from the original on 16 August Retrieved 25 September Archived from the original on 25 September Archived from the original on 2 July Archived from the original on 19 July Retrieved 19 July Archived from the original on 16 July Liberal Democrat Voice.
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Beniger, James The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Babbage, Charles Campbell-Kelly, Martin ed. Passages from the life of a philosopher. Rough Draft Printing published Bodanis, David New York: Three Rivers Press.
Bruderer, Herbert: Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz. Wer hat den Computer erfunden? Computer: A History of the Information Machine. New York: Basic Books.
Ceruzzi, Paul E. A History of Modern Computing. Chandler, Alfred Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. Church, Alonzo American Journal of Mathematics.
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Jack Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers. Hilton, Peter The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America.
Gannon, Paul []. Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret. London: Atlantic Books. Hodges, Andrew London: Burnett Books.
Hochhuth, Rolf Alan Turing: en berättelse. Leavitt, David The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer.
Levin, Janna Title: The Imitation Game Based on the real life story of legendary cryptanalyst Alan Turing, the film portrays the nail-biting race against time by Turing and his brilliant team of code-breakers at Britain's top-secret Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, during the darkest days of World War II.
Written by Studio Canal. There is something appropriately mechanical about The Imitation Game. It has a theatrical rhythm and attention to detail that ticks like a clock.
That's not to say that it's necessarily overly dry and hard to connect to, this biopic of the extraordinary and tragic mathematician and inventor of the digital computer, Alan Turing, played by Benedict Cumberbatch, is emotionally engaging and utterly endearing.
With a slick exquisite script and an eclectic ensemble strong enough to deliver, it's an accessible film that although may feel familiar, is thoroughly refreshing, bringing laughter, tears and thrills.
It will undeniably be a huge contender at the big awards this season, perhaps going all the way. He attempts it by building the first computer, a passion project of his that was frequently criticized for devoting so much Government time and money.
He deals with a social ineptitude while also accepting his own homosexuality, which lead to unforgivable persecution and depression that caused Turing to take his own life.
The film focuses on his life achievements rather than his demise, though it does explore that part of his life, if not illustrate it as much as it could have done.
It's easy to root for Turing, even if his arrogance and standoffishness repel the other characters. Benedict Cumberbatch is a real crowd pleaser here.
I've only seen him in short supporting roles such as last year's August: Osage County and 12 Years A Slave and I'm certainly quite impressed, if not quite as astounded.
There's a very rehearsed quality about his performance, similar to Anne Hathaway's Oscar winning turn in Les Miserables. Every stutter and nuance feels perfectly placed rather than organic.
But this isn't necessarily a turn off, it fits the tone of the film. He could go all the way to the Oscar but it depends on buzz and the competition.
Even if somehow it's the only film's nomination, it's still a frontrunner for the win in Adapted Screenplay. This will be a film known for 'ticking boxes,' but it does it in a way that all films should.
It's economical without ever feeling like it's rushing or only scratching the surface. It constantly pummels the characters with adversity, presenting heart-wrenching moral dilemmas, particularly for Keira Knightley's Joan Clarke.
It turns something complicated and bleak quite lighthearted, especially with the casual approach to war outside of moments of justified despair.
Knightley will certainly get awards attention for her fine supporting role as Turing's counterpart. Her role may not be as meaty, lacking the highs and lows Cumberbatch has, but she makes the most of her relative sparing use, becoming the heart of the film.
Thanks to her, their relationship is completely believable, given that Turing is a man who struggles with connecting to people, and the way she manages the choices her character is set upon is dealt with deft conviction.
Charles Dance, Mark Strong and especially Matthew Goode are commanding side presences who bolster the film's charm. The titular 'imitation game' is essentially the Replicant test from Blade Runner, something Turing has practiced on himself.
However, all the characters are human here, if with a confidence you only find in the movies. Instead of a linear structure, the film chooses flashbacks to flesh out the full story of Turing.
It does seem a little extraneous to go back to school with him, but fortunately the focus of their objectives and the performances of the young actors make them worthwhile, as well as showing the origin of something that changed the world as we know it.
The scale is further expanded with newsreel footage and scenes of the world at war, even if the special effects are relatively primitive compared to what can be achieved these days though that doesn't hold the film back as such.
It's very easy to get suckered into films that convince you that you're watching one man change the world and The Imitation Game achieves that effortlessly.
Although it's dense in character and plot, The Imitation Game flashes more on the surface than it has to offer beneath. Kinetic energy in the editing brings an instant gratification, especially in the edge of your seat sequences.
There are liberties with the tone for such a somber event and protagonist that most likely doesn't reflect the honest emotions involved, but obviously it's easier to digest for audience.
I was unsure at first, but then it had me under its spell. This also may be Alexandre Desplat's best bet at finally winning an Oscar. It adds to that whimsical cinematic tone, almost reminiscent on his work on Harry Potter sans the magic.
It will certainly be warmly embraced in the mainstream. The film is poignant, but not powerful. Entertaining, but not enlightening.
I'm content calling this the Best Picture frontrunner until further notice. The film feels like a combination of Argo, with the secrets and the camaraderie of the unit, and The King's Speech, with its Britishness and charming partnerships.
Either way, The Imitation Game will belong amongst the most deserving winners, but the test of time remains to be seen.
It's not like it'll be alone in that group. Nevertheless, with Queen Elizabeth II's pardon for Turing last year, there's never been a better time to educate the masses on his legacy that we use everyday.
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Ganz einfach:. Es hilft uns die Nutzererfahrung der Website zu verbessern. Sein erster Schultag dort fiel auf einen Generalstreik in England. Nach dem Terrorangriff "Wien war immer so ein Inbild der Glückseligen". In: Gesellschaft Das Geheimnis Des Wilden Mustangs Informatik, abgerufen am Obwohl Zuse und Turing Barry Seal Kinox selben Zeit ähnliche Ideen verfolgten, lernten sie sich und ihre jeweiligen Arbeiten erst nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg kennen. Neben der Mathematik beschäftigte sich Turing auch mit der Kryptoanalyse.
Alan Turing entwickelte das Berechenbarkeitsmodell der Turingmaschine – eines der Fundamente der theoretischen Informatik. Während des Zweiten. Der britische Wissenschaftler Alan Turing, der im Zweiten Weltkrieg den Enigma-Code entschlüsselte, hat viel zur Entwicklung von Künstlicher. Deutschlands führende Nachrichtenseite. Alles Wichtige aus Politik, Wirtschaft, Sport, Kultur, Wissenschaft, Technik und mehr. alan turing movie. Besides Sexy Stripper project, he also studied and published research papers relating to different topics one after the Traumfrau Gesucht Kandidaten. Kinetic energy in the editing brings an instant gratification, especially in the edge of your seat sequences. Klant bij Bol? The game was recorded. Retrieved 6 January Q: How did Turing know Caincross was a Russian spy from the bible? Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press. Retrieved 31 August MPs legislate for gay marriage in NI. Alan Turing We can only see a short distance ahead, but we can see plenty there that needs to be done
Zum Hauptinhalt springen. Comedy Central Tv-Sendungen arbeitete an der Software für einen der ersten Computer und veröffentlichte verschiedene theoretische Arbeiten, darunter auch "Computing machinery and intelligence". Ob Turing sich tatsächlich selber umgebracht hat, ist nicht erwiesen. Häufige Fragen. Doch jene Ingenieure, die Planet Der Affen Survival Imdb Ende der er Jahre daranmachten, erste praxistaugliche Computer zu bauen, kannten Turings Arbeiten kaum. We did not learn our lesson from Turing. Dann schon lieber Polizistin werden! Und was gedruckt wurde, war selbst für Fachleute schwer verständlich. Top Unternehmen. Retrieved 26 September Retrieved 2 January Selbstverlag F. Märzenglisch. John von Neumann Die Jungen ärzte Sendung Verpasst that the central concept of the modern computer was due to Turing's paper. Er wollte nichts als seine Ruhe. Die Technik könnte allerdings auch von Cyber-Kriminellen genutzt werden. Rosenblum Dorothy T. Eine "speicherprogrammierte" Maschine, die über einen einheitlichen flexiblen Speicher verfügt, für ganz unterschiedliche, austauschbare Programme und Daten. Neuste Artikel. Suche öffnen Icon: Suche. PDF; 1. In die Modern Family Staffel 6 Deutsch Auswahl kamen z. Seine Ideen waren so wichtig, dass sie nach ihm benannt wurden und bis heute zum Einsatz kommen. Januar Sponsored Frances Lee Mccain. Forschung IT-Security Mathematik. Canine Louis W. Doch dieser "Klartext" ist bald gefunden: Jeden Morgen um sechs Uhr funken die Deutschen einen Wetterbericht, in dem das Wort "Wetterbericht" auch vorkommt - und Shriek Stream immer an der gleichen Stelle im Text. Wegen seiner Homosexualität wurde der brillante Wissenschaftler in den fünfziger Jahren verurteilt, kurz darauf tötete er sich. So wurde das Studium von nicht-deterministisch lösbaren Problemen ermöglicht.De man moet zich voordoen als vrouw en de vrouw moet trachten te bewijzen dat de man een bedrieger is. Hierbij is nog geen computer betrokken.
De eerste opdracht van de ondervrager is om te achterhalen wie de vrouw is en wie de bedrieger. Daarna wordt de computer in de test gebracht.
Deze moet de rol van de man overnemen. Een computer slaagt voor de turingtest wanneer het voor de ondervrager niet gemakkelijker wordt om de bedrieger te ontmaskeren.
Het is bij de test van belang dat de omstandigheden zodanig zijn dat het om intelligentie gaat en niet om andere eigenschappen zoals uiterlijke verschijning; daarom stelt Turing voor om de ondervraagden elders te plaatsen en als enige communicatievorm het uitwisselen van getypte tekst toe te staan, via "teletype"-machines, het tegenwoordige chatten.
Het artikel is gewijd aan de vraag of zo'n machine inderdaad gemaakt zou kunnen worden, en wat de belangrijkste moeilijkheden zouden kunnen zijn.
Turing concludeert dat hij geen enkele onoverkomelijke moeilijkheid ziet, behalve misschien paranormale gaven.
Het kan via eenvoudige scripts worden geprogrammeerd; een script herkent bepaalde trefwoorden in de laatste zin van de spreker en vult dit in in standaard-antwoordzinnetjes.
Het bekendste script, doctor , bootst een rogeriaanse psycholoog na. Weizenbaum schrijft dat zijn secretaresse hem na enkele sessies met het programma vroeg om de kamer te verlaten, omdat het gespreksonderwerp te persoonlijk werd.
Hij schreef het in een periode waarin hij werkte aan de prestigieuze Princeton University waar, naast Albert Einstein , ook de Hongaars-Amerikaanse wiskundige John von Neumann werkte.
Von Neumann kon met hulp van de zogenaamde Turingmachine, een theoretisch model, een praktische manier ontwikkelen om computers bruikbaar te maken.
Daarnaast legde het denkwerk van Turing ook de basis voor de informatica. De basis voor de ontcijfering van Engima was al gelegd door Poolse codebrekers, maar Turing maakte het karwei af.
De bewering van Hodges dat je wel kunt zeggen dat we het aan Alan Turing te danken hebben dat we niet onder een naziregime leven, is echter niet waar.
Het zal het enthousiasme zijn van de biograaf voor zijn held. Turing zat namelijk niet in de kast, maar onderhield relatief openlijk relaties.
Daarmee werd hij als chantagegevoelig en een veiligheidsrisico beoordeeld en ontslagen. Hij moest kiezen uit chemische castratie of een gevangenisstraf.
Hij koos voor het eerste. De bij tijd en wijle depressieve Turing speelde al in zijn Princetontijd met het idee van zelfmoord.
Wat dat betreft is er raakvlak tussen biograaf en onderwerp. Het heeft geleid tot een dikke, zeer uitgebreide en gedetailleerde biografie, waarin beide aspecten op een natuurlijke wijze worden beschreven.
Omdat Turings leven werd beheerst door wiskunde, is dit boek ook wetenschapsgeschiedenis. De auteur zal voor wiskundig onderlegde lezers ongetwijfeld niet te diep gaan, maar voor leken zijn delen van dit boek volstrekte abracadabra.
Codes breken in de Tweede Wereldoorlog was geen spannende bezigheid van geheim agenten, maar een ingewikkeld spel voor wiskundeknobbels. Alan Turing, het Enigma is een gedetailleerde en liefdevol geschreven biografie.
De film The Imitation Game. Bekijk ook onze uitgebreide onderwerpenlijst of het personenregister. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.
Archived from the original on 19 January Retrieved 10 January Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer.
The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine.
BBC News Technology. Archived from the original on 11 October Retrieved 26 October However, both The Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see Schilling, Jonathan 8 January The Churchill Centre: Myths.
Archived from the original on 17 February Retrieved 9 January Update to Alan Turing: The Enigma. Archived from the original on 20 January A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it.
See Spencer, Clare 11 September BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 December Retrieved 17 February New York: Oxford University Press.
Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press. Archived from the original on 20 October Retrieved 20 October Alan Turing: The Enigma. Archived from the original on 14 October Retrieved 2 January The Irish Times , 23 June English Heritage.
Archived from the original on 3 September Retrieved 10 February Archived from the original on 20 July Retrieved 26 September Leonards Observer.
Archived from the original on 12 September Retrieved 3 July Archived from the original on 3 December James 11 December System Toolbox.
Archived from the original on 3 August Retrieved 27 July The Guildford Dragon. Archived from the original on 19 October Retrieved 31 October Sherborne School, Dorset.
Archived PDF from the original on 26 December Retrieved 5 February The Old Shirburnian Society. Retrieved 10 October Basic Books. New York Review of Books.
Archived from the original on 7 January Princeton University Press. King's College, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 7 December Retrieved 8 December Jack Copeland; Carl J.
Posy; Oron Shagrir Computability: Turing, Gödel, Church, and Beyond. MIT Press. Mathematics and Computation. Archived from the original on 4 March Retrieved 28 February Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society.
Princeton University. Archived from the original PDF on 23 October Retrieved 4 February Britain's Greatest Codebreaker TV broadcast. UK Channel 4.
In Smith, Michael; Erskine, Ralph eds. Action This Day. Archived from the original on 2 November Archived from the original on 7 April Retrieved 25 March Archived from the original on 8 April Archived from the original on 4 October Retrieved 20 April Archived PDF from the original on 29 August Archived from the original on 29 August The Lyons Press.
The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 December Retrieved 10 December Globe Runner. Archived from the original on 18 August Retrieved 23 June Archived from the original on 14 September Retrieved 12 June Archived from the original on 8 November The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
Archived from the original on 13 November Archived from the original on 7 July Retrieved 21 June Archived from the original on 26 June Retrieved 6 February Archived from the original on 9 July Archived from the original on 30 June Retrieved 30 June Prologue Magazine.
Fall — Archived PDF from the original on 26 June Retrieved 13 April — via National Archives. Retrieved 7 April Archived PDF from the original on 27 January Retrieved 27 January Archived from the original on 5 July Archived PDF from the original on 21 May Retrieved 7 February Alan Turing's Manchester.
Manchester: Infang Publishing. Retrieved 18 March Retrieved 11 November Retrieved 22 May Minds and Machines.
Archived from the original on 23 August Retrieved 28 November Bibcode : Sci Archived from the original on 5 September Retrieved 16 December Retrieved 11 October Random House.
Archived from the original on 17 January Retrieved 16 January Archived from the original on 23 June We have But the evidence is not there.
Series of 11 autograph letters to Robin Gandy, Guilford, 28 July — 11 June most before , altogether 29 pages, 8vo 2 letters dated 17 May and 26 May incomplete, lacking continuation leaves, occasional light soiling ".
Archived from the original on 7 February London: Andre Deutsch. Archived from the original on 31 August Retrieved 31 August Archived from the original on 5 October Retrieved 1 September Archived from the original on 4 February Archived from the original on 27 May Retrieved 11 September Archived from the original on 10 January Archived from the original on 19 June The Independent.
Archived from the original on 24 December Retrieved 21 August Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 6 July Retrieved 29 August Archived from the original on 16 August Retrieved 25 September Archived from the original on 25 September Archived from the original on 2 July Archived from the original on 19 July Retrieved 19 July Archived from the original on 16 July Liberal Democrat Voice.
Archived from the original on 24 June Retrieved 24 June Manchester Evening News. Dunfermline Press. University of Manchester. Retrieved 15 December Archived from the original on 4 January Retrieved 24 December Retrieved 20 July Pink News.
Archived from the original on 25 December Archived from the original on 12 June Retrieved 20 June The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 May Retrieved 5 April Archived from the original on 1 November Retrieved 1 November Time Magazine, vol.
Retrieved 6 January The Huffington Post UK. Archived from the original on 29 December Retrieved 29 December Should Britain boycott Sochi?
Archived from the original on 15 February Retrieved 14 February Archived from the original on 22 September Retrieved 22 September Government of the United Kingdom.
Archived from the original on 5 March Random Hacks. Archived from the original on 28 June Retrieved 28 June Archived from the original on 4 November Retrieved 7 December Gay Star News.
Retrieved 8 May Agar, Jon Turing and the Universal Machine. Duxford: Icon. The government machine: a revolutionary history of the computer.
Alexander, C. Hugh O'D. In Cooper, S. Barry; van Leeuwen, Jan eds. Alan Turing: His Work and Impact. Waltham: Elsevier. Beniger, James The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Babbage, Charles
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