Empire Deutsch Inhaltsverzeichnis
Übersetzung für 'empire' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch von LANGENSCHEIDT – mit Beispielen, Synonymen und Aussprache. Übersetzung Englisch-Deutsch für empire im PONS Online-Wörterbuch nachschlagen! Gratis Vokabeltrainer, Verbtabellen, Aussprachefunktion. Englisch-Deutsch-Übersetzungen für empire im Online-Wörterbuch die-kreativecke.eu (Deutschwörterbuch). Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "empire" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Lernen Sie die Übersetzung für 'empire' in LEOs Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch. Mit Flexionstabellen der verschiedenen Fälle und Zeiten ✓ Aussprache und. Empire (Deutsch). Wortart: Substantiv, (sächlich). Silbentrennung: Em|pi|re, keine Mehrzahl. Aussprache/Betonung: IPA: [ˈɛmpaɪ̯ɐ]. Übersetzung für 'empire' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch und viele weitere Deutsch-Übersetzungen.
[1] „In vielen Städten des britischen Empires bis hin nach Südafrika kam es derweil zu Plünderungen in Läden mit deutsch klingenden Namen.“. Übersetzung im Kontext von „empires“ in Englisch-Deutsch von Reverso Context: age of empires. Übersetzung von empire – Englisch–Deutsch Wörterbuch. empire. noun. Empire Deutsch Forge of Empires – ein Online-Strategiespiel, das du in deinem Browser spielen kannst! Video
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See all Reviews. Although the Dutch already started erecting buildings shortly after they arrived on the shores of Batavia , most Dutch-built constructions still standing today in Indonesia stem from the 19th and 20th centuries.
Forts from the colonial era, used for defense purposes, still line a number of major coastal cities across the archipelago. There are also significant examples of 17—19th century Dutch architecture around Banda Neira , Nusa Laut and Saparua , the former main spices islands, which due to limited economic development have retained many of its colonial elements.
Another prominent example of Dutch colonial architecture is Fort Rotterdam in Makassar. The earlier Dutch construction mostly replicate the architecture style in the Homeland such as Toko Merah.
However these buildings were unsuitable to tropical climate and expensive to maintain. And as a result the Dutch officials begun to adapt to the tropical condition by applying native elements such as wide-open veranda, ventilation and indigenous high pitch roofing into their villas.
Many public buildings still standing and in use in Jakarta, such as the presidential palace, the finance ministry and the performing arts theater, were built in the 19th century in the classicist style.
At the turn of the 20th century and partially due to the Dutch Ethical Policy , the number of Dutch people migrating to the colony grew with economic expansion.
The increasing number of middle class population led to the development of Garden Suburbs in major city across the Indies, many of the houses were built in various style ranging from the Indies style, Neo-Renaissance to modern Art Deco.
Several famous architect such as Wolff Schoemaker and Henri Maclaine Pont also made an attempt to modernize indigenous architecture, resulting several unique design such as Pohsarang Church and Bandung Institute of Technology.
The largest stock of these Art Deco building can be found in the city of Bandung, which "architecturally" can considered the most European city in Indonesia.
Since Indonesia's independence, few governments have shown interest in the conservation of historical buildings.
Many architecturally grand buildings have been torn down in the past decades to erect shopping centres or office buildings e. Presently, however, more Indonesians have become aware of the value of preserving their old buildings.
A few years later, the negative voices started to disappear, and now many people are starting to think with me: how are we going to save our city.
In the past using the negative sentiment towards the colonial era was often used as an excuse to disregard protests against the demolition of historical buildings.
Beyond Indonesia's art deco architecture also much of the country's rail and road infrastructure as well as its major cities were built during the colonial period.
Most main railroads and rail stations on Java as well as the main road, called Daendels Great Post Road Dutch: Grote Postweg [98] after the Governor General commissioning the work, connecting west to east Java were also built during the Dutch East Indies era.
These Dutch constructed public works became the material base of the colonial and postcolonial Indonesian state. Crops such like coffee, tea, cocoa , tobacco and rubber were all introduced by the Dutch.
The Dutch were the first to start the spread of the coffee plant in Central and South America, and by the early 19th century Java was the third largest producer in the world.
Today Indonesia is not only the oldest industrial producer of tobacco, but also the second largest consumer of tobacco. The Komodo dragon was firstly described by Peter Ouwens in Indonesia in after an airplane crash in and rumors about living dinosaurs on Komodo Island in In , Humphrey Mijnals , who played for both Suriname and the Netherlands, was elected Surinamese footballer of the century.
The project is managed by Nordin Wooter and David Endt , who have set up a presentation and sent invitations to players of Surinamese origin, receiving 85 positive answers.
FIFA supported the project and granted insurance for the players and clubs despite the match being unofficial. Suriname also has a national korfball team , with korfball being a Dutch sport.
Vinkensport is also practised in Suriname, as are popular among the Dutch sports of volleyball and troefcall.
Ajax Cape Town is a professional football team named and owned by Ajax Amsterdam , replicating their crest and colours. The Dutch sport of korfball is administered by the South African Korfball Federation , who manage the South Africa national korfball team.
The Indonesian football league started around in the Dutch colonial era. The Indonesian Tennis Association was also founded during Dutch rule in , and has a long history of fielding its national Fed Cup team and Davis Cup team , although the first participation's in the 60s were not till after independence.
As in the Netherlands, volleyball remains a popular sport, with the Indonesian Volleyball Federation organising both the Men's Pro Liga and women's Pro Liga and administrates the men's and women's national teams.
The Dutch sport of korfball is also practised, and there is a national korfball team. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Overseas territories controlled by the Dutch Republic and, later, the modern Netherlands from the 17th century to the mids.
Dutch colonial empire. Anachronous [a] map of the Dutch colonial Empire Light green: territories administered by or originating from territories administered by the Dutch East India Company Dark green: territories administered by or originating from territories administered by the Dutch West India Company Tiny orange squares indicate smaller trading posts, the so-called handelsposten.
Rather, the map denotes all of the places that were at any point ruled by the Dutch. Dutch colonial campaigns. Part of a series on the.
French period. Military history Colonial history Language. See also: Evolution of the Dutch Empire. Main article: Dutch diaspora.
For a more comprehensive list, see List of place names of Dutch origin. Main article: Evolution of the Dutch Empire.
However, since there is a long period of Protestant vs. Catholic establishment unrest leading up to this war, it is not easy to give an exact date when the war, or the 'Dutch Revolt', actually started.
The first open violence that would lead to the war was the iconoclasm known as the Iconoclastic Fury Beeldenstorm , and sometimes the first Spanish repressions of the riots i.
Most accounts cite the invasions of armies of mercenaries paid by William of Orange as the official start of the war; this article adopts that point of view.
Alternatively, the start of the war is sometimes set at the capture of Brielle by the Gueux in Tasman assumed it was part of a southern continent connected with land discovered in off the southern tip of South America by Jacob Le Maire , which had been named Staten Landt , meaning "Land of the Dutch States-General".
London: Hambledon Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Claremont: David Philip Pty Ltd. Campbell, Heather-Ann ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: — Leiden: Tuta Sub Aegide Pallas. Explorers of the New World Time Line. Tong CRC Press.
Esposito , ed. The Islamic World: Past and Present. Volume 1: Abba - Hist. Oxford University Press. N Bengal: the unique state.
Concept Publishing Company. Bengal [ Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with. McCusker, vol.
Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution — Land, Sea or Air? Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. Essed, Philomena; Hoving, Isabel eds.
Dutch Racism. Amsterdam: Rodopi B. Archived from the original on 14 August Retrieved 18 May New York: Springer, Publishers. James Louis Garvin, editor.
New History of South Africa. Cape Town: Tafelburg, Publishers. In Campbell, William ed. Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island.
London: Kegan Paul. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. London: MacMillan. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the s.
Westview Press. Archived from the original on 15 November Vickers , pp. Verhandelingen, raakende den natuurlyken en geopenbaarden godsdienst, Volume 22 in Dutch.
Retrieved 15 January Hier kannst du sie vorschlagen! Bitte immer nur genau eine Deutsch-Englisch-Übersetzung eintragen Formatierung siehe Guidelines , möglichst mit einem guten Beleg im Kommentarfeld.
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Achaemenid Empire. Akkadian Empire.
Talboys, David Alphonso ed. Alsace-Lorraine Elsass-Lothringen. Saphirblau Streamingthe French revolutionary army invaded the Dutch Republic and turned the nation into Sexy Stripper satellite of France, named the Batavian Republic. The extent to which the German Emperor could, for example, intervene on occasions of disputed or unclear succession was much debated on occasion—for example in the inheritance crisis of the Lippe-Detmold. The winter of — was known as the "turnip winter", because the people had to survive on Trolljäger vegetable more commonly reserved for livestock, X Man Apocalypse a substitute for potatoes and meat, Silent Hill Revelation were increasingly scarce. Crank 2 also: Urbanization Trolljäger the German Empire. Dwyer ed. Germany's only other ally besides Austria was the Kingdom of Empire Deutschbut it remained an ally only pro forma.In some Dutch colonies there are major ethnic groups of Dutch ancestry descending from emigrated Dutch settlers. Roosevelt , the 32nd president, elected to four terms in office to and the only U.
Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost years, the Dutch language has no official status [71] and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, [72] as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch.
The century and half of Dutch rule in Ceylon and southern India left few to no traces of the Dutch language. In New Jersey in the United States, an extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch , spoken by descendants of 17th century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was noted to still be spoken as late as The greatest linguistic legacy of the Netherlands was in its colony in South Africa, which attracted large numbers of Dutch farmer in Dutch, Boer settlers, who spoke a simplified form of Dutch called Afrikaans , which is largely mutually intelligible with Dutch.
After the colony passed into British hands, the settlers spread into the hinterland, taking their language with them.
The last Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, Pieter Stuyvesant , has bequeathed his name to a street, a neighborhood and a few schools in New York City, and the town of Stuyvesant.
Nassau County , one of the four that make up Long Island, is also of Dutch origin. The Schuylkill river that flows into the Delaware at Philadelphia is also a Dutch name meaning hidden or skulking river.
Many towns and cities in Suriname share names with cities in the Netherlands, such as Alkmaar and Groningen.
Many of South Africa's major cities have Dutch names i. Johannesburg , Kaapstad , Vereeniging , Bloemfontein and Vanderbijlpark. The country name New Zealand originated with Dutch cartographers , who called the islands Nova Zeelandia , after the Dutch province of Zeeland.
The Australian island state Tasmania is named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman , who made the first reported European sighting of the island on 24 November The name was later shortened to Van Diemen's Land by the British.
It was officially renamed in honor of its first European discoverer on 1 January There are many more Dutch geographical names in Australia.
The city itself also have retained most of its old street layout and architecture, which is part of the world's UNESCO heritage. The Dutch style buildings are especially visible in Willemstad , with its steeply pitched gables, large windows and soaring finials.
Dutch architecture can also be found in Sri Lanka, especially in Galle where the Dutch fortification and canal have been retained intact, even to an extent the former tropical Villas of the VOC officials.
Some of the most prominent example of these architecture is the former governor's mansion in Galle, currently known as Amangalla Hotel and the Old Dutch Reformed Church.
During the period of Dutch colonisation in South Africa , a distinctive type of architecture, known as Cape Dutch architecture , was developed.
These style of architecture can be found in historical towns such as Stellenbosch , Swellendam , Tulbagh and Graaff-Reinet. Although the Dutch already started erecting buildings shortly after they arrived on the shores of Batavia , most Dutch-built constructions still standing today in Indonesia stem from the 19th and 20th centuries.
Forts from the colonial era, used for defense purposes, still line a number of major coastal cities across the archipelago.
There are also significant examples of 17—19th century Dutch architecture around Banda Neira , Nusa Laut and Saparua , the former main spices islands, which due to limited economic development have retained many of its colonial elements.
Another prominent example of Dutch colonial architecture is Fort Rotterdam in Makassar. The earlier Dutch construction mostly replicate the architecture style in the Homeland such as Toko Merah.
However these buildings were unsuitable to tropical climate and expensive to maintain. And as a result the Dutch officials begun to adapt to the tropical condition by applying native elements such as wide-open veranda, ventilation and indigenous high pitch roofing into their villas.
Many public buildings still standing and in use in Jakarta, such as the presidential palace, the finance ministry and the performing arts theater, were built in the 19th century in the classicist style.
At the turn of the 20th century and partially due to the Dutch Ethical Policy , the number of Dutch people migrating to the colony grew with economic expansion.
The increasing number of middle class population led to the development of Garden Suburbs in major city across the Indies, many of the houses were built in various style ranging from the Indies style, Neo-Renaissance to modern Art Deco.
Several famous architect such as Wolff Schoemaker and Henri Maclaine Pont also made an attempt to modernize indigenous architecture, resulting several unique design such as Pohsarang Church and Bandung Institute of Technology.
The largest stock of these Art Deco building can be found in the city of Bandung, which "architecturally" can considered the most European city in Indonesia.
Since Indonesia's independence, few governments have shown interest in the conservation of historical buildings. Many architecturally grand buildings have been torn down in the past decades to erect shopping centres or office buildings e.
Presently, however, more Indonesians have become aware of the value of preserving their old buildings. A few years later, the negative voices started to disappear, and now many people are starting to think with me: how are we going to save our city.
In the past using the negative sentiment towards the colonial era was often used as an excuse to disregard protests against the demolition of historical buildings.
Beyond Indonesia's art deco architecture also much of the country's rail and road infrastructure as well as its major cities were built during the colonial period.
Most main railroads and rail stations on Java as well as the main road, called Daendels Great Post Road Dutch: Grote Postweg [98] after the Governor General commissioning the work, connecting west to east Java were also built during the Dutch East Indies era.
These Dutch constructed public works became the material base of the colonial and postcolonial Indonesian state.
Crops such like coffee, tea, cocoa , tobacco and rubber were all introduced by the Dutch. The Dutch were the first to start the spread of the coffee plant in Central and South America, and by the early 19th century Java was the third largest producer in the world.
Today Indonesia is not only the oldest industrial producer of tobacco, but also the second largest consumer of tobacco.
The Komodo dragon was firstly described by Peter Ouwens in Indonesia in after an airplane crash in and rumors about living dinosaurs on Komodo Island in In , Humphrey Mijnals , who played for both Suriname and the Netherlands, was elected Surinamese footballer of the century.
The project is managed by Nordin Wooter and David Endt , who have set up a presentation and sent invitations to players of Surinamese origin, receiving 85 positive answers.
FIFA supported the project and granted insurance for the players and clubs despite the match being unofficial. Suriname also has a national korfball team , with korfball being a Dutch sport.
Vinkensport is also practised in Suriname, as are popular among the Dutch sports of volleyball and troefcall. Ajax Cape Town is a professional football team named and owned by Ajax Amsterdam , replicating their crest and colours.
The Dutch sport of korfball is administered by the South African Korfball Federation , who manage the South Africa national korfball team.
The Indonesian football league started around in the Dutch colonial era. The Indonesian Tennis Association was also founded during Dutch rule in , and has a long history of fielding its national Fed Cup team and Davis Cup team , although the first participation's in the 60s were not till after independence.
As in the Netherlands, volleyball remains a popular sport, with the Indonesian Volleyball Federation organising both the Men's Pro Liga and women's Pro Liga and administrates the men's and women's national teams.
The Dutch sport of korfball is also practised, and there is a national korfball team. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Overseas territories controlled by the Dutch Republic and, later, the modern Netherlands from the 17th century to the mids.
Dutch colonial empire. Anachronous [a] map of the Dutch colonial Empire Light green: territories administered by or originating from territories administered by the Dutch East India Company Dark green: territories administered by or originating from territories administered by the Dutch West India Company Tiny orange squares indicate smaller trading posts, the so-called handelsposten.
Rather, the map denotes all of the places that were at any point ruled by the Dutch. Dutch colonial campaigns. Part of a series on the.
French period. Military history Colonial history Language. See also: Evolution of the Dutch Empire. Main article: Dutch diaspora.
For a more comprehensive list, see List of place names of Dutch origin. Main article: Evolution of the Dutch Empire. However, since there is a long period of Protestant vs.
Catholic establishment unrest leading up to this war, it is not easy to give an exact date when the war, or the 'Dutch Revolt', actually started.
The first open violence that would lead to the war was the iconoclasm known as the Iconoclastic Fury Beeldenstorm , and sometimes the first Spanish repressions of the riots i.
Most accounts cite the invasions of armies of mercenaries paid by William of Orange as the official start of the war; this article adopts that point of view.
Alternatively, the start of the war is sometimes set at the capture of Brielle by the Gueux in Tasman assumed it was part of a southern continent connected with land discovered in off the southern tip of South America by Jacob Le Maire , which had been named Staten Landt , meaning "Land of the Dutch States-General".
London: Hambledon Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Claremont: David Philip Pty Ltd.
Campbell, Heather-Ann ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: — Leiden: Tuta Sub Aegide Pallas.
Explorers of the New World Time Line. Tong CRC Press. Esposito , ed. The Islamic World: Past and Present.
Volume 1: Abba - Hist. Oxford University Press. N Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. Bengal [ Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
McCusker, vol. He died on the 99th day of his rule, on 15 June His son Wilhelm II became emperor. Wilhelm II wanted to reassert his ruling prerogatives at a time when other monarchs in Europe were being transformed into constitutional figureheads.
This decision led the ambitious Kaiser into conflict with Bismarck. The old chancellor had hoped to guide Wilhelm as he had guided his grandfather, but the emperor wanted to be the master in his own house and had many sycophants telling him that Frederick the Great would not have been great with a Bismarck at his side.
Bismarck demanded that the German Army be sent in to crush the strike, but Wilhelm II rejected this authoritarian measure, responding "I do not wish to stain my reign with the blood of my subjects.
Unlike his grandfather, Wilhelm I, who had been largely content to leave government affairs to the chancellor, Wilhelm II wanted to be fully informed and actively involved in running Germany, not an ornamental figurehead, although most Germans found his claims of divine right to rule amusing.
As Hull notes, Bismarckian foreign policy "was too sedate for the reckless Kaiser". The new chancellors had difficulty in performing their roles, especially the additional role as Prime Minister of Prussia assigned to them in the German Constitution.
The reforms of Chancellor Leo von Caprivi , which liberalized trade and so reduced unemployment, were supported by the Kaiser and most Germans except for Prussian landowners, who feared loss of land and power and launched several campaigns against the reforms [66].
While Prussian aristocrats challenged the demands of a united German state, in the s several organizations were set up to challenge the authoritarian conservative Prussian militarism which was being imposed on the country.
Educators opposed to the German state-run schools, which emphasized military education, set up their own independent liberal schools, which encouraged individuality and freedom.
Artists began experimental art in opposition to Kaiser Wilhelm's support for traditional art, to which Wilhelm responded "art which transgresses the laws and limits laid down by me can no longer be called art".
At the same time, a new generation of cultural creators emerged. From the s onwards, the most effective opposition to the monarchy came from the newly formed Social Democratic Party of Germany SPD , whose radicals advocated Marxism.
The threat of the SPD to the German monarchy and industrialists caused the state both to crack down on the party's supporters and to implement its own programme of social reform to soothe discontent.
Germany's large industries provided significant social welfare programmes and good care to their employees, as long as they were not identified as socialists or trade-union members.
The larger industrial firms provided pensions, sickness benefits and even housing to their employees.
Having learned from the failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf , Wilhelm II maintained good relations with the Roman Catholic Church and concentrated on opposing socialism.
The government remained in the hands of a succession of conservative coalitions supported by right-wing liberals or Catholic clerics and heavily dependent on the Kaiser's favour.
Hindenburg took over the role of commander—in—chief from the Kaiser, while Ludendorff became de facto general chief of staff. By , Germany was effectively a military dictatorship run by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, with the Kaiser reduced to a mere figurehead.
Wilhelm II wanted Germany to have her " place in the sun ", like Britain, which he constantly wished to emulate or rival.
With the encouragement or at least the acquiescence of Britain, which at this stage saw Germany as a counterweight to her old rival France, Germany acquired German Southwest Africa modern Namibia , German Kamerun modern Cameroon , Togoland modern Togo and German East Africa modern Rwanda , Burundi , and the mainland part of current Tanzania.
Islands were gained in the Pacific through purchase and treaties and also a year lease for the territory of Kiautschou in northeast China.
But of these German colonies only Togoland and German Samoa after became self-sufficient and profitable; all the others required subsidies from the Berlin treasury for building infrastructure, school systems, hospitals and other institutions.
Bismarck had originally dismissed the agitation for colonies with contempt; he favoured a Eurocentric foreign policy, as the treaty arrangements made during his tenure in office show.
As a latecomer to colonization, Germany repeatedly came into conflict with the established colonial powers and also with the United States, which opposed German attempts at colonial expansion in both the Caribbean and the Pacific.
Native insurrections in German territories received prominent coverage in other countries, especially in Britain; the established powers had dealt with such uprisings decades earlier, often brutally, and had secured firm control of their colonies by then.
The Boxer Rising in China, which the Chinese government eventually sponsored, began in the Shandong province, in part because Germany, as colonizer at Kiautschou , was an untested power and had only been active there for two years.
Eight western nations, including the United States, mounted a joint relief force to rescue westerners caught up in the rebellion.
During the departure ceremonies for the German contingent, Wilhelm II urged them to behave like the Hun invaders of continental Europe — an unfortunate remark that would later be resurrected by British propagandists to paint Germans as barbarians during World War I and World War II.
On two occasions, a French-German conflict over the fate of Morocco seemed inevitable. Upon acquiring Southwest Africa, German settlers were encouraged to cultivate land held by the Herero and Nama.
Herero and Nama tribal lands were used for a variety of exploitative goals much as the British did before in Rhodesia , including farming, ranching, and mining for minerals and diamonds.
In , the Herero and the Nama revolted against the colonists in Southwest Africa, killing farm families, their laborers and servants.
In response to the attacks, troops were dispatched to quell the uprising which then resulted in the Herero and Namaqua Genocide.
The commander of the punitive expedition, General Lothar von Trotha , was eventually relieved and reprimanded for his usurpation of orders and the cruelties he inflicted.
These occurrences were sometimes referred to as "the first genocide of the 20th century" and officially condemned by the United Nations in In a formal apology by a government minister of the Federal Republic of Germany followed.
Accordingly, they asked to have construction halted, to which Germany and the Ottoman Empire acquiesced.
Wilhelm II and his advisers committed a fatal diplomatic error when they allowed the " Reinsurance Treaty " that Bismarck had negotiated with Tsarist Russia to lapse.
Germany was left with no firm ally but Austria-Hungary , and her support for action in annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina in further soured relations with Russia.
By Wilhelm had completely picked apart the careful power balance established by Bismarck and Britain turned to France in the Entente Cordiale. Germany's only other ally besides Austria was the Kingdom of Italy , but it remained an ally only pro forma.
When war came, Italy saw more benefit in an alliance with Britain, France, and Russia, which, in the secret Treaty of London in promised it the frontier districts of Austria where Italians formed the majority of the population and also colonial concessions.
Germany did acquire a second ally that same year when the Ottoman Empire entered the war on its side, but in the long run, supporting the Ottoman war effort only drained away German resources from the main fronts.
This unconditional support for Austria-Hungary was called a "blank cheque" by historians, including German Fritz Fischer.
Subsequent interpretation — for example at the Versailles Peace Conference — was that this "blank cheque" licensed Austro-Hungarian aggression regardless of the diplomatic consequences, and thus Germany bore responsibility for starting the war , or at least provoking a wider conflict.
Germany began the war by targeting its chief rival, France. Germany saw France as its principal danger on the European continent as it could mobilize much faster than Russia and bordered Germany's industrial core in the Rhineland.
Unlike Britain and Russia, the French entered the war mainly for revenge against Germany, in particular for France's loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in The German high command knew that France would muster its forces to go into Alsace-Lorraine.
Aside from the very unofficial Septemberprogramm , the Germans never stated a clear list of goals that they wanted out of the war.
Germany did not want to risk lengthy battles along the Franco-German border and instead adopted the Schlieffen Plan , a military strategy designed to cripple France by invading Belgium and Luxembourg , sweeping down to encircle and crush both Paris and the French forces along the Franco-German border in a quick victory.
After defeating France, Germany would turn to attack Russia. The plan required violating the official neutrality of Belgium and Luxembourg, which Britain had guaranteed by treaty.
However, the Germans had calculated that Britain would enter the war regardless of whether they had formal justification to do so.
However, the evolution of weapons over the last century heavily favored defense over offense, especially thanks to the machine gun, so that it took proportionally more offensive force to overcome a defensive position.
This resulted in the German lines on the offense contracting to keep up the offensive time table while correspondingly the French lines were extending.
In addition, some German units that were originally slotted for the German far-right were transferred to the Eastern Front in reaction to Russia mobilizing far faster than anticipated.
The combined effect had the German right flank sweeping down in front of Paris instead of behind it exposing the German Right flank to the extending French lines and attack from strategic French reserves stationed in Paris.
Attacking the exposed German right flank, the French Army and the British Army put up a strong resistance to the defense of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne , resulting in the German Army retreating to defensive positions along the river Aisne.
A subsequent Race to the Sea resulted in a long-held stalemate between the German Army and the Allies in dug-in trench warfare positions from Alsace to Flanders.
A series of allied offensives in against German positions in Artois and Champagne resulted in huge allied casualties and little territorial change.
German Chief of Staff Erich von Falkenhayn decided to exploit the defensive advantages that had shown themselves in the Allied offensives by attempting to goad France into attacking strong defensive positions near the ancient city of Verdun.
Verdun had been one of the last cities to hold out against the German Army in , and Falkenhayn predicted that as a matter of national pride the French would do anything to ensure that it was not taken.
He expected that he could take strong defensive positions in the hills overlooking Verdun on the east bank of the River Meuse to threaten the city and the French would launch desperate attacks against these positions.
He predicted that French losses would be greater than those of the Germans and that continued French commitment of troops to Verdun would "bleed the French Army white.
However, Falkenhayn's prediction of a greater ratio of French killed proved to be wrong as both sides took heavy casualties. Falkenhayn was replaced by Erich Ludendorff , and with no success in sight, the German Army pulled out of Verdun in December and the battle ended.
While the Western Front was a stalemate for the German Army, the Eastern Front eventually proved to be a great success.
Despite initial setbacks due to the unexpectedly rapid mobilisation of the Russian army, which resulted in a Russian invasion of East Prussia and Austrian Galicia , the badly organised and supplied Russian Army faltered and the German and Austro-Hungarian armies thereafter steadily advanced eastward.
The Germans benefited from political instability in Russia and its population's desire to end the war.
Germany believed that if Lenin could create further political unrest, Russia would no longer be able to continue its war with Germany, allowing the German Army to focus on the Western Front.
In March , the Tsar was ousted from the Russian throne, and in November a Bolshevik government came to power under the leadership of Lenin.
Facing political opposition from the Bolsheviks, he decided to end Russia's campaign against Germany, Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to redirect Bolshevik energy to eliminating internal dissent.
In March , by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , the Bolshevik government gave Germany and the Ottoman Empire enormous territorial and economic concessions in exchange for an end to war on the Eastern Front.
Thus Germany had at last achieved its long-wanted dominance of "Mitteleuropa" Central Europe and could now focus fully on defeating the Allies on the Western Front.
In practice, however, the forces that were needed to garrison and secure the new territories were a drain on the German war effort. Germany quickly lost almost all its colonies.
He also invaded Portuguese Mozambique to gain his forces supplies and to pick up more Askari recruits.
His force was still active at war's end. The defeat of Russia in enabled Germany to transfer hundreds of thousands of troops from the Eastern to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies.
By retraining the soldiers in new stormtrooper tactics, the Germans expected to unfreeze the battlefield and win a decisive victory before the army of the United States, which had now entered the war on the side of the Allies, arrived in strength.
However, the repeated German offensives in the spring of all failed, as the Allies fell back and regrouped and the Germans lacked the reserves needed to consolidate their gains.
Meanwhile, soldiers had become radicalised by the Russian Revolution and were less willing to continue fighting. The war effort sparked civil unrest in Germany, while the troops, who had been constantly in the field without relief, grew exhausted and lost all hope of victory.
In the summer of , the British Army was at its peak strength with as many as 4. The concept of " total war " meant that supplies had to be redirected towards the armed forces and, with German commerce being stopped by the Allied naval blockade , German civilians were forced to live in increasingly meagre conditions.
First food prices were controlled, then rationing was introduced. During the war about , German civilians died from malnutrition.
Towards the end of the war, conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front, with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas. The causes included the transfer of many farmers and food workers into the military, combined with the overburdened railway system, shortages of coal, and the British blockade.
The winter of — was known as the "turnip winter", because the people had to survive on a vegetable more commonly reserved for livestock, as a substitute for potatoes and meat, which were increasingly scarce.
Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry, who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves.
Even the army had to cut the soldiers' rations. Many Germans wanted an end to the war and increasing numbers began to associate with the political left, such as the Social Democratic Party and the more radical Independent Social Democratic Party , which demanded an end to the war.
The entry of the U. The end of October , in Kiel , in northern Germany, saw the beginning of the German Revolution of — Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost, initiating the uprising.
On 3 November, the revolt spread to other cities and states of the country, in many of which workers' and soldiers' councils were established.
Meanwhile, Hindenburg and the senior generals lost confidence in the Kaiser and his government. Bulgaria signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September So, in November , with internal revolution, the Allies advancing toward Germany on the Western Front , Austria-Hungary falling apart from multiple ethnic tensions, its other allies out of the war and pressure from the German high command, the Kaiser and all German ruling kings, dukes, and princes abdicated, and German nobility was abolished.
The new government led by the German Social Democrats called for and received an armistice on 11 November. It was succeeded by the Weimar Republic.
The Empire's legislation was based on two organs, the Bundesrat and the Reichstag parliament. There was universal male suffrage for the Reichstag, however legislation would have to pass both houses.
The Bundesrat contained representatives of the states. Before unification, German territory excluding Austria and Switzerland was made up of 27 constituent states.
These states consisted of kingdoms, grand duchies, duchies, principalities, free Hanseatic cities and one imperial territory.
The free cities had a republican form of government on the state level, even though the Empire at large was constituted as a monarchy, and so were most of the states.
Prussia was the largest of the constituent states, covering two-thirds of the empire's territory. Several of these states had gained sovereignty following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire , and had been de facto sovereign from the mids onward.
Others were created as sovereign states after the Congress of Vienna in Territories were not necessarily contiguous—many existed in several parts, as a result of historical acquisitions, or, in several cases, divisions of the ruling families.
Some of the initially existing states, in particular Hanover, were abolished and annexed by Prussia as a result of the war of Each component of the German Empire sent representatives to the Federal Council Bundesrat and, via single-member districts, the Imperial Diet Reichstag.
Relations between the Imperial centre and the Empire's components were somewhat fluid and were developed on an ongoing basis. The extent to which the German Emperor could, for example, intervene on occasions of disputed or unclear succession was much debated on occasion—for example in the inheritance crisis of the Lippe-Detmold.
Shortly after the Empire was proclaimed, Bismarck implemented a convention in which his sovereign would only send and receive envoys to and from other German states as the King of Prussia, while envoys from Berlin sent to foreign nations always received credentials from the monarch in his capacity as German Emperor.
In this way, the Prussian foreign ministry was largely tasked with managing relations with the other German states while the Imperial foreign ministry managed Germany's external relations.
Population density c. The only minority language with a significant number of speakers 5. The non-German Germanic languages 0.
Low German was spoken throughout northern Germany and, though linguistically as distinct from High German Hochdeutsch as from Dutch and English, is considered "German", hence also its name.
Danish and Frisian were spoken predominantly in the north of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein and Dutch in the western border areas of Prussia Hanover , Westphalia , and the Rhine Province.
Polish and other Slavic languages 6. A few 0. Czech and Moravian. Generally, religious demographics of the early modern period hardly changed. Confessional prejudices, especially towards mixed marriages, were still common.
Bit by bit, through internal migration, religious blending was more and more common. In areas affected by immigration in the Ruhr area and Westphalia, as well as in some large cities, religious landscape changed substantially.
This was especially true in largely Catholic areas of Westphalia, which changed through Protestant immigration from the eastern provinces. Politically, the confessional division of Germany had considerable consequences.
In Catholic areas, the Centre Party had a big electorate. This began to change with the secularization arising in the last decades of the German Empire.
In Germany's overseas colonial empire , millions of subjects practiced various indigenous religions in addition to Christianity. Greater Imperial coat of arms of Germany.
Middle Imperial coat of arms of Germany. Lesser Imperial coat of arms of Germany. The defeat and aftermath of the First World War and the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles shaped the positive memory of the Empire, especially among Germans who distrusted and despised the Weimar Republic.
Conservatives, liberals, socialists, nationalists, Catholics and Protestants all had their own interpretations, which led to a fractious political and social climate in Germany in the aftermath of the empire's collapse.
Under Bismarck, a united German state had finally been achieved, but it remained a Prussian-dominated state and did not include German Austria as Pan-German nationalists had desired.
The influence of Prussian militarism , the Empire's colonial efforts and its vigorous, competitive industrial prowess all gained it the dislike and envy of other nations.
The German Empire enacted a number of progressive reforms, such as Europe's first social welfare system and freedom of press.
There was also a modern system for electing the federal parliament, the Reichstag, in which every adult man had one vote.
This enabled the Socialists and the Catholic Centre Party to play considerable roles in the empire's political life despite the continued hostility of Prussian aristocrats.
The era of the German Empire is well remembered in Germany as one of great cultural and intellectual vigour. Thomas Mann published his novel Buddenbrooks in Theodor Mommsen received the Nobel prize for literature a year later for his Roman history.
Painters like the groups Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke made a significant contribution to modern art. The AEG turbine factory in Berlin by Peter Behrens from was a milestone in classic modern architecture and an outstanding example of emerging functionalism.
The social, economic, and scientific successes of this Gründerzeit , or founding epoch, have sometimes led the Wilhelmine era to be regarded as a golden age.
In the field of economics, the " Kaiserzeit " laid the foundation of Germany's status as one of the world's leading economic powers.
The iron and coal industries of the Ruhr , the Saar and Upper Silesia especially contributed to that process. The first motorcar was built by Karl Benz in The enormous growth of industrial production and industrial potential also led to a rapid urbanisation of Germany, which turned the Germans into a nation of city dwellers.
Many historians have emphasized the central importance of a German Sonderweg or "special path" or "exceptionalism" as the root of Nazism and the German catastrophe in the 20th century.
According to the historiography by Kocka , the process of nation-building from above had very grievous long-term implications.
In terms of parliamentary democracy, Parliament was kept weak, the parties were fragmented, and there was a high level of mutual distrust.
The Nazis built on the illiberal, anti-pluralist elements of Weimar's political culture. The Junker elites the large landowners in the east and senior civil servants used their great power and influence well into the twentieth century to frustrate any movement toward democracy.
They played an especially negative role in the crisis of — Bismarck's emphasis on military force amplified the voice of the officer corps, which combined advanced modernisation of military technology with reactionary politics.
The rising upper-middle class elites, in the business, financial and professional worlds, tended to accept the values of the old traditional elites.
The German Empire was for Hans-Ulrich Wehler a strange mixture of highly successful capitalist industrialisation and socio-economic modernisation on the one hand, and of surviving pre-industrial institutions, power relations and traditional cultures on the other.
Wehler argues that it produced a high degree of internal tension, which led on the one hand to the suppression of socialists, Catholics and reformers, and on the other hand to a highly aggressive foreign policy.
Hans-Ulrich Wehler , a leader of the Bielefeld School of social history, places the origins of Germany's path to disaster in the s—s, when economic modernisation took place, but political modernisation did not happen and the old Prussian rural elite remained in firm control of the army, diplomacy and the civil service.
Traditional, aristocratic, premodern society battled an emerging capitalist, bourgeois, modernising society. Recognising the importance of modernising forces in industry and the economy and in the cultural realm, Wehler argues that reactionary traditionalism dominated the political hierarchy of power in Germany, as well as social mentalities and in class relations Klassenhabitus.
The catastrophic German politics between and are interpreted in terms of a delayed modernisation of its political structures.
At the core of Wehler's interpretation is his treatment of "the middle class" and "revolution", each of which was instrumental in shaping the 20th century.
Wehler's examination of Nazi rule is shaped by his concept of "charismatic domination", which focuses heavily on Hitler. The historiographical concept of a German Sonderweg has had a turbulent history.
They stressed the strong bureaucratic state, reforms initiated by Bismarck and other strong leaders, the Prussian service ethos, the high culture of philosophy and music, and Germany's pioneering of a social welfare state.
In the s, historians in West Germany argued that the Sonderweg led Germany to the disaster of — Akkadian Empire. Aksumite Empire. Angevin Empire.
Ashanti Empire. Austrian Empire. Axumite Empire. Aztec empire. Babylonian Empire. British Empire. Bulgarian Empire. Byzantine Empire.
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Automation Empire - Angezockt! [Let's Play German Deutsch] Jahrhundert an. Übersetzung von empire — Englisch—Deutsch Als Sie Mich Fand Film. Doch werden Vergleiche mit dem Schicksal früherer Imperien immer häufiger. Der Satz enthält beleidigende Inhalte. Klicken Sie auf die Pfeile, um die Übersetzungsrichtung zu ändern.Empire Deutsch - Beispielsätze für "empire"
Übersetzungen von empire auf Chinesisch traditionell. Welt-, Kaiser Reichs…, Empire empire relating to empire. Imperien ideokraticheskih. Die elektronischen " Reiche " erreichten eine Phase der Abnahme.
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